Hauv kev txheeb cais, qhov tsis meej yog tus lej uas qhia tus lej ntawm qhov muaj nuj nqis hauv cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa. Qhov sib npaug sib npaug tsis zoo ib yam li qhov tsis muaj tseeb. Kev sib sau ua ke yog qhov kawg zaum kawg (lossis qhov sib ntxiv tam sim no) ntawm txhua zaus hauv qee qhov hauv cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa. Cov lus piav qhia no yuav nyuaj, tab sis tsis txhob txhawj xeeb: lub ncauj lus no yuav nkag siab yooj yim dua yog tias koj muab ntawv thiab cwj mem thiab ua haujlwm ntawm cov teeb meem piv txwv piav qhia hauv kab lus no.
Kauj ruam
Ntu 1 ntawm 2: Xam Li Qub Li Qub Zaus
Kauj Ruam 1. Txheeb tus nqi hauv cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg
"Data set" yog pawg ntawm cov lej uas piav qhia txog lub xeev ntawm ib yam. Txheeb cov txiaj ntsig, uas nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa, los ntawm qhov tsawg tshaj plaws mus rau qhov loj tshaj.
Piv txwv: Koj sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov phau ntawv uas txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm nyeem hauv lub hli dhau los. Cov ntaub ntawv koj tau txais, tom qab txheeb los ntawm qhov tsawg tshaj plaws mus rau qhov loj tshaj, yog: 3, 3, 5, 6, 6, 6, 8
Kauj Ruam 2. Xam qhov zaus ntau ntawm txhua tus nqi
Qhov zaus ntawm tus nqi yog tus naj npawb ntawm qhov muaj txiaj ntsig nws muaj hauv cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg (qhov zaus no tuaj yeem raug hu ua "qhov tsis txaus ntseeg" yog li tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog qhov nce ntxiv). Txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj los xam zaus yog tsim lub rooj. Sau “Tus Nqi” (lossis ntsuas tus nqi li cas) hauv kab saum toj ntawm thawj kab ntawv. Sau "Zaus" nyob rau kab saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm kab ntawv thib ob. Sau rau hauv lub rooj raws li cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa.
- Piv txwv: Sau "Tus lej Phau Ntawv" nyob rau kab saum toj ntawm thawj kab ntawv. Sau "Zaus" nyob rau kab saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm kab ntawv thib ob.
- Ntawm kab thib ob, sau thawj tus nqi, uas yog “3”, hauv qab “Tus Zauv Phau Ntawv”.
- Suav tus lej ntawm 3 hauv cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa. Txij li muaj ob 3's, sau "2" hauv qab "Zaus" (ntawm kab thib ob).
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Ntxig tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig rau hauv lub rooj:
- 3 | F = 2 hli
- 5 | F = 1 hli
- 6 | F = 3 hli
- 8 | F = 1 hli
Kauj Ruam 3. Xam qhov sib npaug ntawm thawj tus nqi
Kev sib sau ua ke yog lo lus teb rau lo lus nug "pes tsawg zaus tus nqi no lossis tus nqi me me tshwm hauv cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg?" Kev suav suav ntau zaus yuav tsum pib los ntawm tus nqi me tshaj. Txij li thaum tsis muaj tus nqi me dua tus nqi me tshaj, qhov sib npaug ntawm tus nqi ntawd yog sib npaug rau nws qhov ntau zaus.
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Piv txwv: Tus nqi tsawg tshaj plaws hauv cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg yog 3. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm uas nyeem 3 phau ntawv yog 2 tus neeg. Tsis muaj menyuam kawm ntawv nyeem tsawg dua 3 phau ntawv. Yog li, qhov sib npaug ntawm thawj tus nqi yog 2. Sau "2" ib sab ntawm qhov zaus ntawm thawj tus nqi, hauv cov lus:
3 | F = 2 | np Fwm = 2
Kauj Ruam 4. Xam qhov sib npaug ntawm tus nqi tom ntej hauv lub rooj
Peb tsuas yog suav tus lej ntawm lub sijhawm tus nqi tsawg tshaj plaws tshwm hauv cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa. Txhawm rau suav qhov sib npaug ntawm tus nqi tom ntej, ntxiv qhov tsis sib xws ntawm tus nqi no nrog qhov sib npaug ntawm tus nqi dhau los.
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Piv txwv:
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3 | F = 2 | np Fwm =
Kauj ruam 2.
- 5 | F = ua
Kauj ruam 1. | Fkum
Kauj ruam 2
Kauj ruam 1. = 3
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Kauj Ruam 5. Rov ua cov txheej txheem los xam qhov sib npaug ntawm txhua qhov txiaj ntsig
Xam qhov sib npaug ntawm txhua tus txiaj ntsig tom ntej: ntxiv qhov tsis sib xws ntawm tus nqi nrog qhov sib npaug ntawm tus nqi dhau los.
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Piv txwv:
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3 | F = 2 | np Fwm =
Kauj ruam 2.
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5 | F = 1 | np Txf = 2 + 1 =
Kauj ruam 3.
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6 | F = 3 Fkum = 3 + 3 =
Kauj ruam 6.
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8 | F = 1 | np Txf = 6 + 1 =
Kauj ruam 7.
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Kauj Ruam 6. Tshawb xyuas cov lus teb
Tom qab ua tiav suav qhov sib npaug ntawm tus nqi ntau tshaj, tus lej ntawm txhua tus nqi tau raug ntxiv. Qhov kawg sib sau ua ke yog sib npaug ntawm cov lej hauv cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa. Txheeb nws siv ib qho ntawm cov hauv qab no:
- Ntxiv qhov tsis ntau zaus ntawm txhua qhov txiaj ntsig: 2 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 7. Yog li, "7" yog qhov kawg sib sau ua ke.
- Suav tus naj npawb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa. Cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg hauv qhov piv txwv yog 3, 3, 5, 6, 6, 6, 8. Muaj 7 qhov tseem ceeb. Yog li, "7" yog qhov sib txuam zaum kawg.
Ntu 2 ntawm 2: Ua Teeb Meem Ntau Dhau
Kauj Ruam 1. Kawm paub txog cov ntaub ntawv tsis sib xws thiab txuas ntxiv mus
Cov ntaub ntawv tsis sib xws hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov koog uas tuaj yeem suav tau thiab txhua chav tsis tuaj yeem yog ib feem. Cov ntaub ntawv txuas ntxiv piav qhia qee yam uas tsis tuaj yeem suav thiab ntsuas qhov ntsuas tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cov zauv/zauv nrog cov chav twg los xij. Piv txwv:
- Tus nab npawb ntawm cov dev yog cov ntaub ntawv tsis sib xws. Tus nab npawb tsis tuaj yeem yog "ib nrab dev".
- Daus qhov tob yog cov ntaub ntawv txuas ntxiv mus. Cov daus tob nce zuj zus, tsis yog ib chav nyob ib lub sijhawm. Yog ntsuas hauv centimeters, daus qhov tob yuav yog 142.2 cm.
Kauj Ruam 2. Pab pawg cov ntaub ntawv txuas mus rau ntau qib
Cov ntaub ntawv txuas mus ntxiv feem ntau suav nrog ntau qhov tshwj xeeb. Siv cov txheej txheem piav qhia saum toj no, lub rooj zaum kawg tau txais yuav ntev heev thiab nkag siab nyuaj. Yog li ntawd, tsim kom muaj ntau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua kab. Qhov nrug nruab nrab ntawm txhua qhov yuav tsum zoo ib yam (piv txwv li 0-10, 11–20, 21–30, thiab ntxiv rau), tsis hais pes tsawg tus nqi nyob hauv txhua qhov. Cov hauv qab no yog qhov piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txuas ntxiv teeb tsa hauv daim ntawv:
- Cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa: 233, 259, 277, 278, 289, 301, 303
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Cov lus (thawj kab yog tus nqi, kab ntawv thib ob yog zaus, kab thib peb yog qhov sib npaug):
- 200–250 | 1 | 1
- 251–300 | 4 | 1 + 4 = 5
- 301–350 | 2 | 5 + 2 = 7
Kauj Ruam 3. Tsim kab duab kab
Tom qab suav qhov zaus sib sau ua ke, npaj daim ntawv kab ntawv. Kos kab duab kab nrog x-axis raws li qhov muaj nuj nqis hauv cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa thiab y-axis ua qhov sib npaug. Txoj hauv kev no ua rau kev suav ntxiv yooj yim dua.
- Piv txwv: yog tias cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa yog 1-8, tsim x-axis nrog yim cim. Ntawm txhua tus nqi ntawm x-axis, kos taw tes raws li tus nqi ntawm y-axis, raws li qhov sib npaug ntawm tus nqi ntawd. Txuas cov khub ntawm cov dots uas nyob ib sab nrog kab.
- Yog tias tus nqi tshwj xeeb tsis muaj nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa, qhov zaus tsis yog 0. Ntxiv 0 mus rau qhov sib txuam zaum kawg tsis hloov tus nqi. Yog li, kos cov ntsiab lus ntawm tib y-tus nqi raws li tus nqi kawg.
- Vim tias qhov sib npaug sib npaug ncaj qha rau cov txiaj ntsig hauv cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa, kab kab ib txwm nce mus rau sab xis. Yog tias kab kab ntawv nqis los, koj tuaj yeem pom kab lus tsis sib thooj hloov pauv qhov sib ntxiv.
Kauj Ruam 4. Nrhiav tus nqi nruab nrab siv kab kab
Qhov nruab nrab yog tus nqi uas yog nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa. Ib nrab qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa yog siab dua qhov nruab nrab, thiab ib nrab yog qhov qis dua qhov nruab nrab. Nov yog yuav ua li cas thiaj pom tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm kab kab:
- Pom daim ntawv kawg ntawm sab xis ntawm kab kab. Y-tus nqi ntawm qhov taw tes yog tag nrho qhov sib npaug, piv txwv li tus lej ntawm qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa. Piv txwv li, tag nrho qhov sib npaug ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teeb yog 16.
- Faib tag nrho qhov sib npaug ntawm 2, tom qab ntawd pom qhov chaw ntawm tus lej faib rau ntawm y-axis. Hauv qhov piv txwv, 16 faib ua 2 sib npaug 8. Nrhiav qhov "8" ntawm y-axis.
- Nrhiav lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab kab uas sib thooj rau y-tus nqi. Nrog koj tus ntiv tes, kos kab ncaj rau sab ntawm "8" txoj haujlwm ntawm y-axis kom txog thaum nws kov kab kab. Lub ntsiab lus kov los ntawm tus ntiv tes hauv kab kab tau hla ib nrab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa.
- Nrhiav tus x-tus nqi ntawm qhov taw tes. Nrog koj tus ntiv tes, kos kab ncaj ncaj los ntawm qhov taw tes ntawm kab kab kom txog thaum nws kov lub x-axis. Lub ntsiab lus kov los ntawm tus ntiv tes ntawm x-axis yog tus lej nruab nrab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa. Piv txwv li, yog tias tus nqi nruab nrab pom yog 65, ib nrab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa qis dua 65 thiab qhov ib nrab yog siab dua 65.
Kauj Ruam 5. Nrhiav tus nqi quartile uas siv kab kab
Quartile qhov tseem ceeb faib cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa ua plaub ntu. Txoj hauv kev nrhiav tus nqi quartile yuav luag zoo ib yam li txoj hauv kev nrhiav tus nqi nruab nrab; tsuas yog ib txoj hauv kev los nrhiav tus nqi y sib txawv:
- Txhawm rau nrhiav tus lej quartile y qis dua, faib tag nrho qhov sib npaug los ntawm 4. Tus nqi x uas tswj hwm nrog y tus nqi yog tus lej qis dua. Ib feem peb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg hauv qab tus nqi qis dua.
- Txhawm rau nrhiav tus lej quartile y sab sauv, sib npaug tag nrho qhov sib npaug los ntawm. Tus nqi ntawm x uas ua ke nrog tus nqi ntawm y yog tus nqi quartile sab saud. Peb lub hlis twg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa yog qis dua tus nqi quartile sab saud thiab lub hlis twg ntxiv yog siab dua tus nqi quartile sab saud. ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv teeb.
