Kev yuav cov kua qaub ntau tshaj uas haum rau koj cov kev xav tau pom zoo rau kev nyab xeeb thiab siv tau yooj yim, tab sis qee zaum koj yuav xav tau dilute nws ntau hauv tsev. Tsis txhob txo cov peev nyiaj rau cov cuab yeej siv kev nyab xeeb, vim tias cov kua qaub ntau tuaj yeem ua rau muaj tshuaj lom hnyav. Thaum xam cov kua qaub thiab dej uas koj yuav tsum tau sib xyaw, koj yuav tsum paub qhov siab qhov quav (M) ntawm koj cov kua qaub thiab qhov koj xav tau kom muaj suab thaj ntau ntxiv tom qab dilution.
Kauj ruam
Ntu 1 ntawm 3: Xam Cov Tshuaj Dilution
Kauj Ruam 1. Txheeb xyuas yam uas koj twb muaj lawm
Nrhiav kom pom qhov sib tov ntawm cov kua qaub nyob rau ntawm daim ntawv lo, lossis ntawm cov teeb meem dab neeg uas koj tab tom ua haujlwm. Tus lej no feem ntau sau rau hauv chav ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lossis kev mloog zoo, sau luv rau M. Peb hu nws concentration C1.
Cov mis hauv qab no tseem siv lub sijhawm V1. Nov yog qhov ntim ntawm cov kua qaub peb yuav ntxiv rau hauv dej. Qhov ntawd tau hais tias, tej zaum peb yuav tsis siv lub raj mis tag nrho ntawm cov kua qaub, yog li peb tseem tsis tau paub lub ntim.
Kauj Ruam 2. Txiav txim siab qhov ua tiav
Qhov xav tau ntau thiab ntim cov kua qaub feem ntau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv tsev kawm lossis los ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau ntawm lub chaw kuaj ntshav koj ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, peb yuav xav dilute peb cov acid mus rau qhov siab ntawm 2M, thiab xav tau 0.5 liv. Peb yuav xa mus rau qhov kev xav tau zoo li C2 thiab qhov xav tau ntim raws li V2.
- Yog tias koj siv cov chav tsis txawv txav, hloov tag nrho cov koog mus rau cov piam thaj hauv siab (moles ib litre) thiab litres, ua ntej koj mus txuas ntxiv.
- Yog tias koj tsis paub meej tias yuav tsum tau npaum li cas lossis ntim cov kua qaub, sab laj nrog koj tus kws qhia ntawv, kws tshuaj, lossis tus kws tshaj lij txog cov haujlwm uas yuav siv cov kua qaub.
Kauj Ruam 3. Sau cov mis los laij cov dilution
Thaum twg los xij koj npaj txhij los daws cov tshuaj, koj tuaj yeem siv cov mis C1V1 = C2V2. Qhov no txhais tau tias thawj qhov kev daws teeb meem x thawj ntim = qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj diluted x qhov ntim ntawm qhov dilution. Peb paub qhov no vim tias qhov x x ntim = cov kua qaub, thiab cov kua qaub nyob qis ib yam li cov kua qaub tau ntxiv rau hauv dej.
Hauv peb qhov piv txwv, peb tuaj yeem sau cov mis no (6M) (V1) = (2M) (0, 5L).
Kauj Ruam 4. Txhim cov mis rau V1.
Pawg neeg no, V.1, yuav qhia peb ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov kua qaub thawj zaug peb yuav tsum ntxiv rau hauv dej kom tau txais qhov xav tau thiab ntim. Rearrange cov mis rau V1= (Cuas2V2)/(Cuas1), tom qab ntawd sau tus lej koj paub.
Hauv peb qhov piv txwv, peb yuav tau txais V.1= ((2M) (0, 5L))/(6M) = 1/6 liter. Nws yog kwv yees li 0.167 litres lossis 167 ml.
Kauj Ruam 5. Laij cov dej uas koj xav tau
Tam sim no koj paub V.1, cov kua qaub uas koj yuav siv, thiab V2, tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj uas yuav tsim tawm, koj tuaj yeem suav tau yooj yim cov dej uas koj xav tau kom mus txog qhov ntim uas xav tau. V2 -V1 = ntim dej xav tau.
Hauv peb qhov xwm txheej, peb xav kom tau 0.5 litres thiab yuav siv 0.167 litre kua qaub. Cov dej peb xav tau = 0.5L - 0.167L = 0.333L lossis 333 ml
Ntu 2 ntawm 3: Teeb Chaw Ua Haujlwm Nyab Xeeb
Kauj Ruam 1. Nyeem daim npav Tshuaj Nyab Xeeb Hauv Online
Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Tshuaj Nyab Xeeb Thoob Ntiaj Teb muab cov lus qhia ntxaws thiab ntxaws ntxaws txog kev nyab xeeb. Saib lub npe tseeb ntawm cov kua qaub uas koj yuav siv, xws li "hydrochloric acid," hauv cov ntaub ntawv online. Qee cov kua qaub yuav xav tau kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb ntxiv, ntxiv rau cov uas tau piav qhia saum toj no.
- Qee zaum ob peb daim npav raug tso tawm, nyob ntawm qhov xav tau thiab ntxiv cov kua qaub. Xaiv qhov uas haum tshaj plaws rau koj thawj cov kua qaub.
- Yog koj xav nyeem nws ua lwm hom lus, xaiv ib qho ntawm no.
Kauj Ruam 2. Hnav tsom iav tiv thaiv, hnab looj tes, thiab lub tsho tiv thaiv kab mob
Cov tsom iav tiv thaiv uas npog txhua sab ntawm lub qhov muag xav tau thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov kua qaub. Tiv thaiv koj cov tawv nqaij thiab khaub ncaws los ntawm looj hnab looj tes thiab lub tsho tiv thaiv kab mob los yog ntaub pua chaw.
- Khi cov plaub hau ntev ua ntej ua haujlwm nrog cov kua qaub.
- Cov kua qaub tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ob peb teev los ua kom cov khaub ncaws tsis zoo. Txawm hais tias koj tsis paub txog qhov nchuav, ob peb tee kua qaub tuaj yeem ua rau koj cov khaub ncaws puas yog tias lawv tsis tiv thaiv los ntawm lub tsho tiv no.
Kauj Ruam 3. Ua haujlwm hauv cov fume hoods lossis thaj chaw uas muaj cua nkag
Thaum twg ua tau, khaws cov kua qaub hauv cov fume hood kom siv thaum koj tab tom ua haujlwm. Qhov no txwv kev sib cuag nrog cov pa ntawm cov kua qaub-tsim cov roj cua, uas tuaj yeem ua rau corrosive lossis lom. Yog tias koj tsis muaj lub fume hood, qhib txhua lub qhov rais thiab qhov rooj, thiab qhib lub kiv cua kom cua tawm hauv chav.
Kauj Ruam 4. Paub qhov dej ntws los qhov twg
Yog tias cov kua qaub nkag rau hauv koj lub qhov muag lossis tawv nqaij, koj yuav tsum ntxuav nws nrog dej txias rau 15-20 feeb. Tsis txhob pib diluting kom txog thaum koj paub qhov muag ze ze los yog dab dej uas tuaj yeem siv tau.
Thaum ntxuav koj ob lub qhov muag, qhib koj lub qhov muag kom dav. Tig koj ob lub qhov muag saib, sab xis, nqes, thiab sab laug kom ntseeg tau tias txhua sab ntawm koj lub qhov muag tau yaug
Kauj Ruam 5. Muaj phiaj xwm los daws qhov nchuav, uas yog tshwj xeeb rau koj cov kua qaub
Koj tuaj yeem yuav cov khoom ntim kua qaub, uas muaj tag nrho cov khoom xyaw xav tau, lossis yuav ib qho nruab nrab nruab nrab thiab nqus tau cais. Cov txheej txheem piav qhia ntawm no tuaj yeem siv rau hydrochloric, sulfide, nitric, lossis phosphoric acids, tab sis lwm cov kua qaub yuav xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los ntxuav kom raug:
- Txauv huab cua sab hauv tsev los ntawm kev qhib lub qhov rais thiab qhov rooj, thiab ua kom lub qhov cua nkag mus thiab qhib cov kiv cua.
- Siv lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog xws li sodium carbonate (dej qab zib tshauv), sodium bicarbonate, lossis calcium carbonate nyob sab nraum qhov nchuav, zam kev txaws.
- Txuas ntxiv siv lub hauv paus maj mam, ua haujlwm los ntawm sab nraud hauv, kom txog thaum qhov nchuav tau npog.
- Sib tov kom huv si nrog cov tais diav yas. Txheeb xyuas pH ntawm qhov nchuav nrog ntawv litmus. Ntxiv ntau lub hauv paus yog xav tau kom tau txais pH nruab nrab ntawm 6 thiab 8, tom qab ntawd yaug cov dej nrog dej kom ntau.
Ntu 3 ntawm 3: Diluting Acid
Kauj Ruam 1. Txias dej hauv cov dej khov thaum siv cov kua qaub ntau
Cov kauj ruam no tsuas yog tsim nyog yog tias koj tab tom ua haujlwm nrog cov kua qaub ntau, xws li 18M sulfuric acid, lossis 12M hydrochloric acid. Txias cov dej uas koj yuav siv los ntawm muab nws tso rau hauv lub khob ntim nrog dej tsawg kawg 20 feeb ua ntej pib qhov kev sib tov.
Rau ntau qhov kev daws teeb meem, dej tuaj yeem khaws cia hauv chav sov
Kauj Ruam 2. Ntxiv dej distilled rau lub taub dag loj
Rau cov phiaj xwm uas cuam tshuam nrog kev ntsuas meej, xws li kev ntsuas ntsuas, siv lub khob ntim ntim. Rau feem ntau lub hom phiaj, lub raj mis Erlenmeyer tuaj yeem siv tau. Hauv ob qho xwm txheej twg, xaiv lub ntim uas tuaj yeem tuav lub ntim uas koj xav tau yooj yim, nrog rau qhov chaw seem ntau, txhawm rau txo qis nchuav ntawm ntug.
Koj tsis tas yuav ntsuas cov dej no kom raug, tsuav yog nws los ntawm lub khob uas ntsuas tau zoo kom tuav tag nrho cov dej xav tau
Kauj Ruam 3. Ntxiv me ntsis acid
Yog tias siv cov kua qaub me me, siv lub raj ntsuas ntsuas (Mohr) nrog lub taub hau roj hmab nyob saum. Rau qhov ntim loj dua, tso lub raj mis tawm tsam lub caj dab ntawm lub hwj, thiab maj mam ncuav me ntsis ntawm cov kua qaub uas siv lub ntsuas lub tog raj kheej.
Tsis txhob siv lub qhov ncauj tso rau hauv chav kuaj tshuaj
Kauj Ruam 4. Tso tshuaj kom txias
Cov kua qaub muaj zog tuaj yeem ua kom sov ntau thaum ntxiv rau dej. Yog tias cov kua qaub ntau heev, cov tshuaj yuav tawg lossis ua rau cov pa tawg. Yog tias qhov no tshwm sim, koj yuav tsum ua kom tag nrho qhov kev sib xyaw hauv cov koob tshuaj me me, lossis ua kom dej txias hauv cov dej khov ua ntej koj mus.
Kauj Ruam 5. Ntxiv cov kua qaub uas seem hauv cov tshuaj me me
Cia sijhawm rau kev daws teeb meem kom txias rau txhua koob tshuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj pom cua sov, haus luam yeeb, lossis txaws. Txuas ntxiv mus kom txog thaum xav tau cov kua qaub ntxiv.
Tus lej no tau suav ua V1, zoo li saum toj no.
Kauj Ruam 6. Muab cov tshuaj tov
Kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, koj tuaj yeem ua cov tshuaj nrog iav ua kab tom qab txhua qhov ntxiv cov kua qaub. Yog tias qhov loj me ntawm lub raj mis ua rau sib xyaw ua tsis tau, do cov tshuaj tom qab ua kom tiav thiab lub raj mis raug tshem tawm.
Kauj Ruam 7. Txuag cov kua qaub thiab yaug cov cuab yeej
Ncuav koj cov kua tshuaj tov rau hauv lub thawv uas tau sau kom meej, zoo dua hauv PVC txheej iav fwj, thiab khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw nyab xeeb. Yaug lub hwj, lub raj mis, cov pas nrig, cov raj xa dej, thiab/lossis ntsuas lub tog raj kheej hauv dej kom tshem tawm cov kua qaub uas seem.
Lub tswv yim
- Ib txwm ntxiv cov kua qaub rau hauv dej, tsis yog lwm txoj hauv kev ib puag ncig. Thaum ob yam tshuaj sib ntsib, lawv yuav tsim kom muaj cua sov ntau heev. Kev siv dej ntau dua, yuav tsum muaj cua sov ntau dua, txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev kub hnyiab thiab txaws.
- Raws li kev pab ceeb toom kom nco qab qhov ua ntu zus: 'ua dab tsi yuav tsum ua, ntxiv cov kua qaub rau hauv dej'. Xwb, koj tseem tuaj yeem nco qab STAS: "Ib txwm Ntxiv Acid."
- Thaum sib tov ob cov kua qaub, ib txwm ntxiv cov kua qaub uas muaj zog rau cov kua qaub, rau cov laj thawj tau piav qhia saum toj no.
- Koj tuaj yeem ntxiv ib nrab cov dej raws li xav tau, dilute tag nrho, tom qab ntawd maj mam sib tov hauv cov dej tas. Txoj kev no tsis pom zoo rau kev daws teeb meem.
- Yuav cov kua qaub ntau tshaj uas haum rau koj cov kev xav tau, kom muaj kev nyab xeeb tshaj plaws thiab yooj yim ntawm kev khaws cia.
Ceeb toom
- Txawm hais tias qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog heev, cov kua qaub kuj tseem tuaj yeem muaj tshuaj lom. Ib qho piv txwv yog cov kua qaub hydrogen cyanide (tsis muaj zog heev, lom heev).
- Tsis txhob kov qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov kua qaub nrog cov kua alkaline muaj zog, xws li KOH lossis NaOH. Siv dej lossis lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog xws li dilute sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3).
- Tsis txhob yaj cov khoom xyaw rau kev lom zem lossis lwm yam laj thawj, tshwj tsis yog koj paub tseeb tias koj ua dab tsi. Txoj hauv kev no, koj tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom muaj kev phom sij heev xws li cov pa lom lossis cov pa tawg lossis cov khoom tawg uas tawg tam sim ntawd.
- Li ntawd, hu ua 'qaug zog' cov kua qaub kuj tseem tuaj yeem tsim cua sov ntau heev thiab txaus ntshai heev. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kua qaub thiab muaj zog tsuas yog hauv cov ntsiab lus tshuaj.
