Dilution yog txheej txheem ntawm kev ua kom muaj kev daws teeb meem ntau dua. Muaj ntau qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas ib tus neeg yuav xav ua qhov sib ntxiv, xws li los ntawm qhov hnyav mus rau qhov laj thawj yooj yim. Piv txwv li, biochemists dilute cov kev daws teeb meem los ntawm lawv cov ntawv sib xyaw los ua cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab rau siv hauv kev sim, qhov twg, ntawm qhov tod tes, cov neeg muag khoom noj feem ntau dilute cawv nrog dej qab zib lossis kua txiv los ua cocktails zoo dua. Cov qauv dav dav rau xam cov dilution yog C1V1 = C2V2, nrog C.1 thiab C.2 sawv cev thawj zaug thiab zaum kawg ntawm cov tshuaj, feem, thiab V1 thiab V.2 sawv cev rau ntim.
Kauj ruam
Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 2: Ua Kom Diluting Concentrates ntawm Dilution Equation
Kauj Ruam 1. Txheeb xyuas yam koj paub thiab tsis paub
Dilution hauv chemistry feem ntau txhais tau tias noj me me ntawm cov tshuaj uas koj paub qhov sib xyaw, tom qab ntawd ntxiv cov kua nruab nrab (xws li dej) los ua cov tshuaj tshiab nrog ntim ntau dua tab sis qis dua. Qhov no feem ntau ua tiav hauv cov chaw soj ntsuam tshuaj lom neeg, vim tias, rau qhov ua tau zoo, cov tshuaj reagents feem ntau khaws cia rau hauv cov ntsiab lus siab heev, uas tom qab ntawd tau diluted rau siv hauv kev sim. Feem ntau, hauv feem ntau qhov xwm txheej hauv ntiaj teb, koj yuav paub qhov siab ntawm koj qhov kev daws teeb meem thawj zaug thiab qhov siab lossis ntim koj xav kom koj qhov kev mloog zoo zaum kawg, tab sis tsis yog ntim ntawm thawj qhov kev daws teeb meem koj xav tau kom tau qhov kev daws teeb meem zaum kawg.
- Txawm li cas los xij, hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej (tshwj xeeb yog teeb meem hauv tsev kawm ntawv), koj yuav tsum tau nrhiav lwm daim ntawv sib dhos - piv txwv li, koj yuav raug muab ntim thawj zaug thiab mloog zoo, tom qab ntawv nug kom pom qhov kev tsom xam zaum kawg yog tias koj daws qhov kev daws teeb meem. mus rau qhov xav tau ntim. Hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev nthuav dav, nws yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo kom paub qhov paub thiab tsis paub paub ua ntej pib.
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Cia peb ua tiav cov lus nug piv txwv. Piv txwv tias peb tau thov kom dilute 5 M tov nrog dej kom ua 1 L ntawm 1 mM. Hauv qhov no, peb paub qhov kev mloog zoo ntawm peb qhov kev daws teeb meem thawj zaug thiab qhov ntim thiab qhov siab kawg uas peb xav tau, tab sis tsis yog thawj qhov kev daws teeb meem peb xav tau ntxiv nrog dej kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig xav tau.
Nco ntsoov: Hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg, M yog ntsuas kev ntsuas hu ua Molarity, uas qhia txog cov moles ntawm cov khoom ib liter
Kauj Ruam 2. Ntsuas koj qhov txiaj ntsig rau hauv tus lej C1V1 = C2V2.
Hauv cov qauv no, C.1 yog thawj qhov kev mloog zoo ntawm kev daws teeb meem, V.1 yog qhov ntim ntawm thawj qhov kev daws teeb meem, C.2 yog qhov kawg ntawm kev daws teeb meem, thiab V.2 yog qhov ntim ntawm qhov kev daws teeb meem zaum kawg. Plugging cov txiaj ntsig paub hauv qhov kev ua zauv no yuav pab koj nrhiav qhov tsis paub nrog qhov nyuaj me ntsis.
- Tej zaum koj yuav pom tias nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los muab tus cim cim lus nug nyob rau hauv ntej ntawm chav tsev koj xav tshawb nrhiav los pab koj daws nws.
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Cia peb ua piv txwv ntxiv. Peb yuav nkag mus rau qhov tseem ceeb uas peb paub raws li hauv qab no:
- C1V1 = C2V2
- (5 M) V1 = (1 mM) (1 L). Peb ob qhov kev xav muaj cov chav sib txawv. Cia peb nres ntawm no thiab txav mus rau qib tom ntej.
Kauj Ruam 3. Xav txog ib chav sib txawv
Txij li cov kev daws teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv (uas qee zaum tuaj yeem loj heev), nws tsis txawv rau ob qhov kev hloov pauv hauv koj qhov kev ua zauv kom muaj chav sib txawv. Thaum qhov no yooj yim rau kev saib xyuas, cov chav tsis sib xws hauv koj qhov sib npaug tuaj yeem ua rau koj cov lus teb tsis raug. Ua ntej ua tiav, hloov tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig nrog qhov sib txawv sib txawv thiab/lossis cov ntim ntim.
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Hauv peb qhov piv txwv, peb siv cov chav sib txawv rau kev mloog zoo ntawm M (molars) thiab mM (millimolars). Cia peb hloov peb qhov ntsuas thib ob mus rau M:
- 1 mM × 1 M/1,000 mM
- = 0.001M
Kauj Ruam 4. Ua tiav
Thaum txhua chav nyob sib npaug, daws koj qhov sib npaug. Qhov no yuav luag txhua zaus ua tiav nrog algebra yooj yim.
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Peb nres peb qhov teeb meem piv txwv ntawm no: (5 M) V.1 = (1 mM) (1 L). Cia peb nrhiav tus nqi ntawm V.1 nrog peb chav tshiab.
- (5 M) V1 = (0.001 M) (1 L)
- V1 = (0.001 M) (1 L)/(5 M).
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V1 = 0.0002 L, lossis 0.2 ml.
Kauj Ruam 5. Nkag siab yuav siv koj li lus teb li cas kom raug
Cia peb hais tias koj tau pom koj tus nqi ploj lawm, tab sis koj tsis paub yuav siv cov ntaub ntawv tshiab no li cas hauv qhov kev nthuav dav uas koj yuav tsum tau ua. Qhov no nkag siab - cov lus ntawm lej thiab kev tshawb fawb qee zaum tsis sib xws nrog lub ntiaj teb tiag. Thaum koj paub plaub qhov tseem ceeb hauv kab zauv C1V1 = C2V2, ua qhov dilution raws li hauv qab no:
- Ntsuas qhov ntim V.1 los ntawm kev daws teeb meem nrog qhov siab ntawm C.1. Tom qab ntawd, ntxiv cov tshuaj txaus (dej, thiab lwm yam) kom ua rau tag nrho ntim V2. Qhov kev daws teeb meem tshiab no yuav muaj qhov xav tau uas koj xav tau (C.2).
- Hauv peb qhov piv txwv, piv txwv li, peb ntsuas thawj 0.2 mL ntawm 5 M kev daws teeb meem. Tom ntej no, peb yuav ntxiv dej txaus kom ntim cov tshuaj rau 1 L: 1 L - 0.0002 L = 0.9998 L, lossis 999, 8 mL. Hauv lwm lo lus, peb yuav ntxiv 999.8 mL dej rau peb cov tshuaj piv txwv me. Peb qhov kev daws teeb meem tshiab muaj qhov sib luag ntawm 1 mM, uas yog qhov peb xav tau.
Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 2: Ua Kom Yooj Yim thiab Ua Haujlwm Dilution Tshuaj
Kauj Ruam 1. Nyeem ib lub ntim rau cov ntaub ntawv
Muaj ntau yam laj thawj yog vim li cas koj thiaj xav daws qhov kev daws teeb meem hauv tsev, hauv chav ua noj, lossis hauv lwm qhov chaw tsis siv tshuaj lom neeg. Piv txwv li, ua kua txiv kab ntxwv los ntawm kev mloog zoo yooj yim yog qhov dilution. Hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej, cov khoom lag luam uas yuav tsum tau muab diluted muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov yuav tsum tau dilution uas yuav tsum tau ua, qee qhov ntawm lub ntim khoom. Lawv yuav muaj cov lus qhia kom ua raws. Nov yog qee yam kom nrhiav thaum nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv:
- Khoom ntim siv
- Volume ntawm diluent siv
- Hom kev lim dej siv (feem ntau yog dej)
- Cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb sib xyaw
- Koj yuav tsis pom cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov tseeb ntawm cov kua siv. Cov ntaub ntawv no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau cov neeg siv nruab nrab.
Kauj Ruam 2. Ntxiv cov tshuaj uas ua raws li qhov sib ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tov
Txog kev yooj yim hauv tsev neeg, zoo li cov uas koj tuaj yeem ua hauv chav ua noj, koj tsuas yog xav paub qhov ntim ntawm kev mloog zoo koj tab tom siv thiab kwv yees kwv yees qhov kawg uas koj xav tau ua ntej koj pib. Dilute qhov mloog zoo nrog qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov tshuaj sib tov, uas tau txiav txim siab nyob ntawm qhov ntim ntawm thawj qhov mloog zoo siv. Saib hauv qab no:
- Piv txwv li, yog tias peb xav dilute 1 khob kua txiv kab ntxwv mloog zoo rau 1/4 nws thawj zaug mloog, peb yuav ntxiv 3 khob dej rau hauv qhov mloog zoo. Peb qhov sib xyaw zaum kawg yuav muaj 1 khob ntawm kev mloog zoo hauv 4 khob ntawm tag nrho cov kua - 1/4 ntawm nws thawj qhov kev mloog zoo.
- Nov yog qhov piv txwv nyuaj dua: Yog tias peb xav dilute 2/3 khob ntawm kev mloog zoo rau 1/4 nws thawj qhov kev xav, peb yuav ntxiv 2 khob dej, vim 2/3 khob sib npaug li 1/4 npaug 2 & 2/3 khob ntawm tag nrho cov kua.
- Nco ntsoov ntxiv koj cov khoom hauv lub thawv loj txaus los tuav lub ntim zaum kawg uas koj xav tau - lub tais loj lossis lub thawv zoo sib xws.
Kauj Ruam 3. Tsis quav ntsej cov hmoov ntim feem ntau
Ntxiv cov hmoov (xws li qee yam dej haus sib xyaw) rau cov kua feem ntau tsis suav tias yog kev sib tov. Qhov ntim hloov pauv los ntawm kev ntxiv cov hmoov me me rau cov kua feem ntau yog me me txaus kom tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau. Hauv lwm lo lus, thaum ntxiv cov hmoov me me rau cov kua, tsuas yog ntxiv cov hmoov rau koj qhov xav tau ntim kawg ntawm cov kua thiab sib tov.
Ceeb toom
- Ua raws li cov lus qhia kev nyab xeeb muab los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom lossis xav tau los ntawm koj lub tuam txhab. Qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj yuav tsum tau dilute cov kua qaub.
- Ua haujlwm nrog kev daws teeb meem acidic yuav xav tau cov ncauj lus ntxaws ntxiv txog kev nyab xeeb thiab cov lus qhia ntau dua nrog cov tshuaj tsis-acidic.
