Kev tshawb fawb lossis tshawb fawb yog qhov kev tshawb fawb dav dav uas siv ntau yam txheej txheem kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug cai, xws li kev soj ntsuam, xam phaj, tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab ntaub ntawv, txhawm rau nrhiav cov ntsiab lus thiab lub ntsiab lus hauv kev sim ua kom peb nkag siab txog lub ntiaj teb. Kev tshawb fawb muaj txiaj ntsig feem ntau yog ua los txhawm rau nthuav qhia qhov laj thawj ntawm ntau yam kev coj cwj pwm, kev xav thiab kev txhawb siab, ntau dua li tsuas yog qhia meej txog dab tsi, nyob qhov twg, thiab thaum twg. Kev tshawb fawb muaj txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem ua tiav thoob plaws ntau qhov kev qhuab qhia, xws li kev tshawb fawb hauv zej zog, kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev lag luam, thiab muaj ntau nyob rau yuav luag txhua qhov chaw ua haujlwm thiab chaw kawm.
Kauj ruam
Ntu 1 ntawm 2: Npaj rau Kev Tshawb Fawb
Kauj Ruam 1. Txiav txim siab cov lus nug uas yuav tshawb fawb
Cov lus nug tshawb fawb zoo yuav tsum muaj meej, tshwj xeeb thiab tswj tau. Txhawm rau tshawb fawb tsim nyog, koj cov lus nug yuav tsum tshawb xyuas qhov laj thawj vim li cas tib neeg thiaj ua lossis ntseeg qee yam.
- Cov lus nug tshawb fawb yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsim, vim lawv txheeb xyuas yam koj xav kawm lossis nkag siab thiab pab tsom mus rau kev kawm, vim tias koj tsis tuaj yeem tshawb fawb txhua yam ib zaug. Cov lus nug tshawb fawb tseem yuav tsim "ua li cas" koj ua koj txoj kev kawm vim tias txhua nqe lus nug nws muaj nws tus kheej txoj kev xa.
- Koj yuav tsum pib nrog cov lus nug xav paub, tom qab ntawd nqaim lawv kom lawv tuaj yeem tshawb fawb tau zoo. Piv txwv li, lo lus nug "Tus xibfwb ua haujlwm txhais li cas rau lwm tus xibfwb?" nws tseem yog qhov dav dhau los ua cov ntsiab lus tshawb fawb, tab sis yog qhov uas koj txaus siab rau, nqaim nws los ntawm kev txwv hom kws qhia lossis tsom mus rau ib qib kev kawm. Piv txwv, hloov nws mus rau lo lus nug "Tus kws qhia ntawv txoj haujlwm txhais tau li cas rau cov kws qhia ntawv uas ua haujlwm qhia ib nrab hnub?" lossis "Tus kws qhia ntawv ua haujlwm txhais li cas rau cov kws qhia ntawv theem siab?"
Tswv yim:
Nrhiav qhov sib npaug ntawm cov lus nug xav paub thiab cov lus nug tshawb fawb. Thawj yog qee yam uas koj xav paub tiag tiag thiab feem ntau zoo nkauj heev, tsis hais tshwj xeeb. Qhov thib ob yog lo lus nug uas tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas ncaj qha, siv txoj hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab cov cuab yeej cuam tshuam.
Kauj Ruam 2. Txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv yog txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm yam uas lwm tus tau sau txog koj cov lus nug tshawb fawb thiab cov ncauj lus tshwj xeeb. Koj tau nyeem dav hauv thaj tsam loj dua thiab kawm txog yam cuam tshuam nrog koj lub ncauj lus. Tom qab ntawd, koj tsim cov ntawv txheeb xyuas uas ua ke thiab sib sau ua ke cov kev tshawb fawb (tsis yog tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus luv ntawm txhua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas raws sijhawm raws li txoj cai. Hauv lwm lo lus, koj "tshawb fawb lossis tshawb fawb tshawb fawb nws tus kheej".br>
- Piv txwv li, yog tias koj cov lus nug tshawb fawb tsom mus rau yuav ua li cas cov kws qhia ntawv hauv lwm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb muaj lub ntsiab lus rau lawv txoj haujlwm, koj yuav xav kawm cov ntawv nyeem ib puag ncig kev qhia ua haujlwm thib ob - dab tsi ua rau tib neeg qhia ua haujlwm thib ob? Muaj pes tsawg tus kws qhia ntawv qhia ua haujlwm thib ob? Lawv feem ntau ua haujlwm nyob qhov twg? Nyeem thiab tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yuav pab koj ua kom koj cov lus nug zoo thiab muab lub hauv paus tsim nyog rau koj li kev tshawb fawb. Nws tseem yuav muab kev nkag siab ntawm qhov hloov pauv uas yuav cuam tshuam rau koj kev tshawb fawb (xws li hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, chav kawm, thiab lwm yam) thiab koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab koj tus kheej txoj kev kawm.
- Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tseem yuav pab koj txiav txim siab seb koj puas txaus siab tiag thiab mob siab rau lub ncauj lus thiab tshawb fawb cov lus nug, thiab tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas twb muaj lawm thiab xav ua kom tiav ntawm koj tus kheej kev tshawb fawb.
Kauj Ruam 3. Txheeb xyuas seb qhov kev tshawb fawb tsim nyog tau ua tiag tiag los teb koj cov lus nug kev tshawb fawb
Cov txheej txheem muaj txiaj ntsig tsuas yog muaj txiaj ntsig thaum lo lus nug tsis tuaj yeem teb nrog qhov yooj yim 'yog' lossis 'tsis yog' qhov kev xav. Feem ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev teb "ua li cas" lossis "dab tsi" cov lus nug. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tseem muaj txiaj ntsig thaum koj xav tau kev cuam tshuam hauv pob peev nyiaj.
Piv txwv li, yog tias koj cov lus nug tshawb fawb yog "Tus kws qhia ntawv ua haujlwm txhais li cas rau cov kws qhia ua haujlwm thib ob?", tau kawg Nws tsis yog lo lus nug uas tuaj yeem teb nrog qhov yooj yim 'yog' lossis 'tsis yog'.
Tsis yog lawv tsuas yog cov lus teb meej. Qhov no txhais tau tias Kev tshawb fawb tsim nyog yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj los teb cov lus nug.
Kauj Ruam 4. Xav txog qhov loj me me ntawm kev sim dav dav
Cov txheej txheem kev tshawb fawb muaj txiaj ntsig tsis nyob ntawm qhov loj piv txwv ntau dua li cov txheej txheem ntau, tab sis tseem tuaj yeem muab cov tswv yim tseem ceeb thiab kev tshawb pom. Piv txwv li, vim tias nws zoo li koj yuav tsis muaj peev nyiaj txaus los kawm "txhua tus" kws qhia haujlwm thib ob "hauv txhua cheeb tsam" ntawm Indonesia, koj tuaj yeem xaiv nqaim koj cov kev kawm mus rau tsuas yog lub nroog loj loj (xws li Surabaya, Jakarta, los yog 200km ntawm qhov chaw koj nyob.
- Xav txog qhov ua tau. Txij li cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim nyog feem ntau yog dav heev, yuav luag txhua qhov muaj peev xwm uas cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Qhov no yog qhov sib piv rau kev sim ntau qhov, qhov kev xav tsis tau pov thawj tuaj yeem txhais tau tias ntau lub sijhawm tau raug pov tseg.
- Koj qhov peev nyiaj tshawb fawb thiab qhov muaj peev txheej nyiaj txiag yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab. Kev tshawb fawb tsim nyog feem ntau tsis kim thiab yooj yim dua rau kev npaj thiab ua. Piv txwv li, feem ntau nws yooj yim dua thiab pheej yig dua los sau cov neeg tsawg rau kev xam phaj dua li nws yog yuav lub khoos phis tawj uas tuaj yeem ua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas thiab ntiav tus kws tshuaj xyuas uas tsim nyog.
Kauj Ruam 5. Xaiv txoj kev tshawb fawb tsim nyog
Kev tsim qauv kev tshawb fawb yog qhov hloov pauv tau tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov kev sim. Yog li, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev uas koj tuaj yeem xaiv los ntawm.
- “Kev Tshawb Fawb” - Kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm tsom mus rau kev daws teeb meem lossis ua haujlwm nrog lwm tus los daws teeb meem thiab daws cov teeb meem tshwj xeeb.
- "Ethnography" - Ethnography yog kawm txog tib neeg kev sib cuam tshuam thiab kev sib txuas lus los ntawm kev koom nrog ncaj qha thiab kev soj ntsuam hauv zej zog uas koj tab tom kawm. Kev tshawb fawb txog haiv neeg keeb kwm los ntawm kev qhuab qhia ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua, tab sis tam sim no tau siv ntau dua.
- "Phenomenology" - Phenomenology yog kawm txog kev paub dhau los ntawm lwm tus neeg. Txoj kev tshawb no tshuaj xyuas lub ntiaj teb los ntawm lwm tus neeg lub qhov muag los ntawm kev tshawb pom tias lawv txhais cov kev paub dhau los li cas.
- "Kev Ntseeg Hauv Ntiaj Teb" - Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev siv lub hauv paus kev xav yog los tsim txoj kev xav raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas tau sau tseg thiab tshuaj xyuas tas li. Txoj kev xav no saib cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb thiab siv txoj kev xav thiab qhov laj thawj uas ua rau qee qhov tshwm sim.
- "Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb"-Txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog qhov kev tshawb fawb tob tob ntawm ib tus neeg tshwj xeeb lossis tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej tam sim no.
Ntu 2 ntawm 2: Sau thiab Txheeb Xyuas Koj Cov Ntaub Ntawv
Kauj Ruam 1. Sau koj cov ntaub ntawv
Txhua txoj kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum siv ib lossis ntau yam txuj ci tshwj xeeb los khaws cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig, suav nrog kev xam phaj, kev koom nrog kev soj ntsuam, kev ua haujlwm tom teb, kev tshawb fawb khaws cia, cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia, thiab lwm yam. Daim ntawv ntawm kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv nqa tawm yog nyob ntawm kev xaiv cov txheej txheem tshawb fawb. Piv txwv li, kev tshawb fawb rau cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb feem ntau tso siab rau kev xam phaj thiab cov ntaub ntawv sau cia, thaum kev tshawb fawb txog haiv neeg xav tau ntau txoj haujlwm.
- "Kev soj ntsuam ncaj qha" - Kev tshuaj xyuas lossis kev soj ntsuam ncaj qha ntawm qhov xwm txheej lossis kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev kaw video lossis tshuaj xyuas ncaj qha. Hauv kev soj ntsuam ncaj qha, koj ua qhov kev soj ntsuam tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov xwm txheej yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam lossis koom nrog hauv ib txoj kev twg. Piv txwv li, tej zaum koj xav pom tias cov kws qhia ua haujlwm thib ob zoo li cas hauv lawv cov kev ua haujlwm sab hauv thiab sab nraum chav kawm uas koj txiav txim siab los tshuaj xyuas lawv li ob peb hnub, yav dhau los ua kom ntseeg tau tias koj muaj kev tso cai tsim nyog los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov kws qhia txhawj xeeb., thaum sau tag nrho cov ntawv thaum tus txheej txheem.
- “Tus neeg koom nrog kev soj ntsuam” - Kev koom nrog saib xyuas lossis saib yog qhov tob ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb lossis kws tshawb fawb hauv zej zog lossis cov xwm txheej uas tau kawm. Hom kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv no yuav siv sijhawm ntau dua, vim tias koj yuav tsum koom nrog hauv zej zog kom paub seb koj qhov kev soj ntsuam lossis kev tshuaj xyuas puas siv tau tiag tiag.
- "Kev xam phaj" - Kev xam phaj zoo yog qhov txheej txheem ntawm kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev nug cov lus rau cov neeg mloog. Txoj kev xam phaj tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau yooj yim-lawv tuaj yeem sib tham tim ntsej tim muag, tab sis lawv tseem tuaj yeem siv xov tooj lossis Is Taws Nem lossis hauv pab pawg me hu ua "pawg tsom xam". Kuj tseem muaj ntau hom kev xam phaj. Kev xam phaj teeb tsa muaj cov lus nug tau npaj ua ntej, thaum cov tsis muaj teeb meem yog ntau qhov kev sib tham dawb, uas tus neeg xam phaj tuaj yeem kov thiab tshawb xyuas ntau yam ncauj lus raws li lawv mus, raws li xav tau. Kev xam phaj yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj xav paub tias tib neeg zoo li cas lossis cuam tshuam rau qee yam. Piv txwv li, nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig los zaum nrog cov kws qhia ua haujlwm thib ob hauv kev teeb tsa lossis tsis muaj txheej txheem kev xam phaj los sau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv sawv cev thiab tham txog lawv li haujlwm li cas.
- "Kev Tshawb Fawb"-Sau cov lus nug thiab qhib qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov tswv yim, kev nkag siab, thiab kev xav yog lwm txoj hauv kev los khaws cov ntaub ntawv rau koj qhov kev tshawb fawb zoo. Piv txwv li, hauv koj txoj kev kawm ntawm cov kws qhia ua haujlwm thib ob, koj yuav txiav txim siab ua qhov kev tshawb fawb tsis qhia npe ntawm 100 tus kws qhia ntawv hauv koj thaj chaw vim tias koj txhawj xeeb tias lawv yuav qhib tsawg dua hauv kev xam phaj dua li los ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas lawv tus kheej tsis qhia npe.
- "Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv" - Qhov no suav nrog tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv sau, pom thiab suab uas tsis muaj kev koom tes lossis tshawb xyuas ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb. Muaj ntau hom ntaub ntawv, suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv "raug cai" tsim los ntawm cov koom haum thiab cov tib neeg, xws li cov ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, cov ntawv sau tseg, thiab, nyob rau tiam 21st century, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm social media accounts thiab online blog. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj kawm kev kawm, ib lub tsev kawm ntawv xws li tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem yuav muaj ntau yam ntaub ntawv sib txawv, suav nrog cov ntawv ceeb toom, cov ntawv xa tawm, phau ntawv qhia chaw, vev xaib, cov ntaub ntawv kawm, thiab lwm yam. Koj kuj tseem xav pom yog tias cov kws qhia haujlwm thib ob muaj cov pab pawg sib tham online lossis blog. Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj txiaj ntsig thaum siv ua ke nrog lwm txoj hauv kev, xws li kev xam phaj.
Kauj Ruam 2. Txheeb xyuas koj cov ntaub ntawv
Thaum koj tau sau cov ntaub ntawv, koj tuaj yeem pib txheeb xyuas nws thiab tau txais cov lus teb thiab kev xav rau koj cov lus nug tshawb fawb. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, txhua txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas hauv kev tshawb fawb ntau yog cuam tshuam nrog kev tshuaj xyuas kab lus, txawm yog sau ntawv lossis hais lus.
- "Coding" - Hauv coding, koj siv lo lus, kab lus, lossis tus lej rau txhua pawg. Pib nrog cov npe ntawm cov lej uas tau npaj tseg raws li kev paub ua ntej ntawm cov ncauj lus hauv qab kev kawm. Piv txwv li, "teeb meem nyiaj txiag" lossis "kev koom tes hauv zej zog" tej zaum yuav yog ob txoj cai uas tau txais tom qab kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kws qhia haujlwm thib ob. Tom qab ntawd, koj tshuaj xyuas txhua cov ntaub ntawv kom raug thiab tom qab ntawd "chaws" cov tswv yim, cov tswv yim thiab cov ntsiab lus raws li lawv pawg. Koj kuj tseem txhim kho lwm cov txheej txheem los ntawm kev nyeem thiab txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv li, nws yuav tshwm sim thaum koj sau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev xam phaj uas “sib nrauj” tshwm sim ntau zaus. Koj tuaj yeem ntxiv kev cai rau qhov no. Coding pab koj npaj koj cov ntaub ntawv, nrog rau txheeb xyuas cov qauv thiab qhov zoo sib xws.
- "Kev txheeb cais piav qhia" - Koj tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv siv txheeb cais. Kev txheeb cais piav qhia pab piav qhia, qhia lossis nthuav tawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab nthuav qhia cov qauv. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj muaj 100 qhov kev tshuaj xyuas thawj zaug ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv, koj yuav xav paub txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lawv cov tub ntxhais kawm. Cov txheeb cais piav qhia ua qhov no ua tau. Txawm li cas los xij, thov nco ntsoov tias cov txheeb cais piav qhia tsis tuaj yeem siv los ua cov lus xaus thiab lees paub lossis tsis lees paub qhov kev xav.
- "Txheeb cais piav qhia" - Txheeb cais piav qhia txog kev sib tham thiab cov ntsiab lus, xws li cov qauv sau ntawv, siv lo lus, ua piv txwv, ntsiab lus dab neeg, lub ntsiab lus ntawm xwm txheej, kev sib raug zoo, kab lis kev cai thiab kev nom kev tswv ntawm cov lus piav qhia.
- "Hermenetic Analysis" - Kev tshuaj xyuas Hermenetic tsom mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau lossis hais lus. Hauv qhov tseeb, koj nrhiav kom nkag siab lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm thiab tsim kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke.
- "Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Cov Ntsiab Lus" lossis "Kev Ntsuas Semiotic" - Cov ntsiab lus tshuaj xyuas lossis semiotics tsom mus rau cov ntawv lossis kab ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau kom pom cov ntsiab lus thiab lub ntsiab lus los ntawm kev saib ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov lus. Hauv lwm lo lus, koj sim txheeb xyuas tus qauv thiab tus qauv ntawm kev tsis tu ncua hauv cov lus hais los yog sau ntawv, tom qab ntawd ua qhov kev xam pom raws qhov xwm txheej ntawd. Piv txwv li, koj yuav pom tias cov lus lossis kab lus sib xws, xws li "muaj feem thib ob" lossis "ua qhov sib txawv" tshwm sim hauv kev xam phaj nrog cov kws qhia ua haujlwm thib ob, tom qab ntawd txiav txim siab tshawb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kab lus ntawd.
Kauj Ruam 3. Sau koj qhov kev tshawb fawb
Thaum npaj cov ntawv tshawb fawb tsim nyog, nco ntsoov koj cov neeg tuaj saib lub hom phiaj thiab cov txheej txheem txheej txheem txheej txheem ntawm phau ntawv tshawb fawb uas koj tab tom kawm. Koj yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias lub hom phiaj ntawm koj cov lus nug tshawb fawb yog qhov xav tau tiag tiag thiab koj tau piav qhia koj cov txheej txheem tshawb fawb thiab tshuaj xyuas kom ntxaws.
