Kev Kawm Ntawv thiab Kev Sib Txuas Lus 2024, Kaum ib hlis

Qee zaum nws tuaj yeem nyuaj kawm cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tshuaj xyuas thaj chaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim nws xav tau kev txawj ntse thiab muaj peev xwm kos duab thiab nroog, uas tsis yooj yim. Tsis txhob hais txog tus naj npawb tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem ua rau tsis meej pem thiab jumbled hauv koj lub taub hau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias thaj chaw tsis yog koj hom kev kawm.

Hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg, kev dilution yog txheej txheem ntawm kev txo qis ntawm cov tshuaj hauv cov tshuaj. Chain dilution yog qhov rov ua dua ntawm kev daws teeb meem kom nrawm dua qhov ua kom nrawm. Cov txheej txheem no feem ntau tau ua hauv kev sim uas xav tau kev daws teeb meem ntau nrog qhov tseeb.

Hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg, electronegativity yog ntsuas ntawm qib uas atom nyiam cov electrons hauv kev sib cog. Atoms nrog electronegativity siab nyiam cov electrons zoo, thaum atoms nrog qis electronegativity nyiam electrons weakly. Electronegativity qhov tseem ceeb tau siv los kwv yees tus cwj pwm ntawm cov atoms sib txawv thaum sib koom ua ke, ua rau nws muaj txuj ci tseem ceeb hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg.

Spectrophotometry yog cov txheej txheem sim siv los ntsuas qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov kuab tshuaj hauv qhov kev daws teeb meem tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev suav qhov nyiaj ntawm lub teeb nqus los ntawm cov tshuaj ntawd. Cov txheej txheem no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo vim tias qee yam sib xyaw tseem yuav nqus tau qhov sib txawv ntawm lub teeb ntawm qhov sib txawv sib txawv.

Lub zog hluav taws xob yog lub tswv yim tseem ceeb hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg uas piav qhia txog lub zog xav tau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau sib cog lus ntawm covalent cov pa roj av. Cov hom kev cog lus lub zog tsis siv rau cov ntawv cog lus ionic.

Yog tias koj xav ntsuas qhov alkalinity (hauv paus) lossis acidity ntawm cov kua, tsuas yog siv pH sawb los pab txiav txim siab qib. Yog tias koj tsis tau siv cov kab xev pH, nws zoo li daim kab xev dawb ntawm daim ntawv thiab daim duab muaj xim zoo li cov khoom koj pom hauv chav kawm kos duab.

Hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg, kev daws teeb meem tau siv los piav qhia cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw uas tau sib xyaw thiab ua kom yaj tag nrog cov kua yam tsis muaj ib qho me me uas tsis yaj. Tsuas yog cov tshuaj ionized (them) tuaj yeem yaj tau.

Ntau yam tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv cov kua es tsis yog cov khoom khov. Cov tshuaj ua kua tau yooj yim siv thiab ntsuas dua li cov khib nyiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim cov khib nyiab feem ntau muaj nyob hauv cov hmoov. Txawm li cas los xij, stoichiometry rau tshuaj lom neeg ua cov nyom ua kua ntau dua.

Ionic sib txuas yog ib hom tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov hlau cations (zoo ions) thiab tsis yog xim hlau anions (tsis zoo ions). Txhawm rau npe cov khoom sib xyaw ionic, txhua yam koj yuav tsum tau ua yog saib cov npe ntawm cov cations thiab anions uas ua cov khoom sib xyaw thiab nco ntsoov hloov qhov kawg ntawm cov npe hlau raws li xav tau.

Rau cov ntawm koj uas ua haujlwm ua cov koom txoos ntawm cov xwm txheej loj, feem ntau yuav khov dej khov, lossis paub zoo dua li cov dej khov qhuav, yog cov khoom siv ib txwm muaj. Feem ntau, cov dej khov qhuav raug muag hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov flakes, pellets, lossis ib qho me me, thiab feem ntau siv los khaws qee yam khoom txias thaum thauj los ntawm ib qho mus rau lwm qhov, los tsim cov pa luam yeeb nyob rau theem, lossis txawm tias yog yam khoom ntawm kev sim sim.

Ntawm qib atomic, daim ntawv cog lus yog tus lej ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txuas nruab nrab ntawm ob lub atoms. Piv txwv li, hauv diatomic nitrogen (N N), daim ntawv cog lus yog 3 vim tias muaj 3 cov tshuaj sib txuas txuas ob lub nitrogen atoms.

Citric acid yog cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog uas ib txwm pom hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo xws li txiv kab ntxwv thiab txiv qaub. Vim nws cov kua qaub thiab tsw qab (nrog rau nws qhov nruab nrab thiab cov khoom siv khaws cia), nws yog qhov nrov heev rau siv ntau yam khoom lag luam, xws li dej haus, khoom noj, tshuaj, tshuaj pleev ib ce, thiab tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws.

Koj puas tau hnov dua dej khov? Nws zoo li tsis yooj yim vim tias dej khov feem ntau txias. Txawm li cas los xij, peb tsis tham txog cov dej khov zoo tib yam. Koj tuaj yeem ua sodium acetate siv tib cov khoom xyaw uas ua rau ci dej qab zib volcanoes.

CO 2 yog lub cim tshuaj lom neeg rau carbon dioxide. Cov pa roj carbon dioxide ua rau lub suab nrov nrov hauv dej qab zib thiab ntau cov dej cawv, ua rau lub zog ua kom lub khob cij nce ntxiv, cov roj hauv qee cov tshuaj aerosols, thiab cov pa nkev hauv cov tshuaj tua hluav taws.

Cov xim ntawm cov pa luam yeeb hloov pauv nyob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raug hlawv. Cov pa luam yeeb dawb, qhov tseeb, yog qhov tso dej tso tawm ntawm cov roj nplua nuj hydrogen. Koj tuaj yeem ua pa dawb hauv tsev nrog ob peb yam kev sim yooj yim.

Lub cev yeej siv zog kom ua tiav qhov sib npaug thiab sib npaug. Thaum ntxiv H ions lossis kua qaub raug tso tawm, lub cev ntsib qhov mob hu ua metabolic acidosis. Qhov xwm txheej no ua rau koj ua pa nrawm dua thiab ua rau koj cov ntshav qis.

Ua tshuaj txhuam hniav ntxhw yog qhov kev lom zem uas koj tuaj yeem ua nrog koj cov menyuam tom tsev lossis nrog koj cov menyuam kawm hauv chav kuaj. Cov tshuaj txhuam hniav ntxhw yog tshuaj lom uas ua rau muaj npuas loj heev ua npuas ncauj.

Crystallization (lossis rov ua dua tshiab) yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev ua kom huv ntawm cov organic sib txuas. Cov txheej txheem tshem tawm cov khoom tsis huv los ntawm crystallization suav nrog ua kom cov tshuaj sib xyaw hauv qhov hnyav tsim nyog, ua kom txias cov tshuaj thiab saturating nws nrog cov sib xyaw ua kom huv, crystallizing cov tshuaj, cais nws los ntawm kev lim, ntxuav nws saum npoo nrog txias hnyav kom tshem tawm cov khoom tsis huv, thiab kom

Yog tias koj xav ntxiv qhov rustic lossis vintage zoo rau koj cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tooj liab lossis cov khoom siv hauv tsev, yooj yim ntxiv patina rau tooj liab los ntawm oxidizing tooj liab yam tsis tas yuav yuav cov cuab yeej kim los ntawm lub khw.

Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev cais cawv los ntawm dej. Txoj kev siv feem ntau yog kom sov cov tshuaj. Vim tias nws muaj qhov kub npau npau qis dua li dej, cawv yuav tig mus ua pa sai. Cov pa no tau muab tso rau hauv lub thawv cais. Koj tseem tuaj yeem khov cov dej cawv sib tov kom tshem qee yam ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj cawv;

Mole yog chav ntsuas ntawm kev ntsuas hauv tshuaj lom neeg uas suav nrog cov ntsiab lus sib txawv hauv cov tshuaj sib xyaw. Feem ntau lub sijhawm, qhov sib xyaw tau muab rau hauv grams thiab yuav tsum tau hloov pauv mus rau moles. Txawm hais tias, kev hloov pauv tau yooj yim, muaj qee cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb ua raws.

Yog tias koj yuam kev ntxiv ntsev rau lub tais qab zib lossis ntxiv qab zib rau hauv lub tais ntsev, qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws yog pov tseg qhov sib xyaw thiab siv cov qab zib lossis ntsev tshiab. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj xav cais cov ntsev thiab qab zib raws li kev sim tshuaj, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los ua nws.

Hu qhov kev sim no yuav tsis raug (koj tab tom ua qauv qhia) tab sis xijpeem koj hu nws, kev tawg yog txoj hauv kev lom zem kom muaj kev lom zem SCIENCE! Txawm hais tias koj tab tom nrhiav tswv yim rau koj txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb lossis tsuas yog xav kom muaj qee lub hlwb lom zem, peb tau txais qee lub tswv yim thiab cov lus qhia rau kev ua ntau hom kev tawg hauv qab no.

Hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg, cov ntsiab lus oxidation thiab txo qis hais txog kev cuam tshuam uas atom (lossis pab pawg ntawm atoms), ua tiav, poob lossis nce electrons. Tus lej oxidation yog tus lej raug xa mus rau atom (lossis pab pawg ntawm atoms) uas pab cov kws tshuaj xyuas seb muaj pes tsawg lub tshuab hluav taws xob muaj rau kev hloov pauv thiab yog tias muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidized lossis txo qis hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Cov pa roj carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) tsis muaj xim thiab tsis hnov tsw yog li koj tsis tuaj yeem kuaj pom nws los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ncaj qha. Koj yuav tsum sau cov qauv huab cua (lossis CO. Piv txwv 2 ), tom qab ntawd ua ib qho ntawm ob peb qhov kev sim yooj yim txhawm rau txheeb xyuas seb puas muaj roj.

Pulse oximetry yog txheej txheem yooj yim thiab tsis kim uas siv los ntsuas qib oxygen (lossis oxygen concentration) hauv cov ntshav yam tsis tas yuav ntxig ib qho cuab yeej rau hauv lub cev. Cov pa oxygen concentration yuav tsum siab dua 95 feem pua.

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov zaub mov feem ntau hu ua ntsev muab dej hiav txwv nws cov yam ntxwv. Sib nrug los ntawm kev sim tshuaj, feem ntau ntsuas ntsev los ntawm cov neeg nyiam thoob dej yug ntses thiab cov neeg cog qoob loo uas xav tias muaj ntsev tuaj yeem tsim tau hauv cov av.

Qhov feem pua muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov molecule yog qhov feem pua ntawm txhua lub hauv paus rau nws cov khoom hnyav. Qhov feem pua ntawm ib feem hauv cov khoom sib xyaw tau hais tawm raws li qhov sib piv ntawm qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm lub hauv paus rau tag nrho cov khoom sib xyaw molecular ntawm cov sib xyaw ua ke los ntawm 100%.

Net ionic equations yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tshuaj vim lawv tsuas yog sawv cev rau lub xeev qhov teeb meem uas hloov pauv tshuaj lom neeg. Qhov sib npaug no feem ntau siv rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox, hloov pauv ob qho tib si, thiab ua kom tsis muaj kua qaub-puag.

Cov mis mos molecular yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau txhua yam tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw. Cov mis mos molecular qhia dab tsi atoms ua rau sib xyaw thiab tus lej ntawm atoms. Koj yuav tsum paub cov mis ua piv txwv los laij cov lej molecular, thiab koj yuav tsum paub tias cov qauv molecular yog cov lej sib npaug ntawm cov qauv ua piv txwv.

Crystals suav nrog atoms, molecules, lossis ions tau teeb tsa hauv cov qauv yooj yim uas pom tau yooj yim. Thaum koj sib tov dej nrog lub hauv paus crystalline, xws li alum, ntsev, lossis qab zib, koj tuaj yeem pom cov nplais hauv ob peb teev.

Cov dej khov qhuav yog txias heev cov pa roj carbon dioxide. Cov dej khov qhuav muaj ntau yam siv, txawm hais tias nws feem ntau siv los ua cua txias. Ib qhov zoo yog cov dej khov qhuav tawm tsis muaj kua, raws li cov dej khov qhuav sublimates rau roj ntawm -43 degrees Celsius.

Koj puas muaj tus kws tshuaj menyuam yaus nyob tom tsev? Txawm hais tias koj tus menyuam muaj kev txaus siab rau kev tshawb fawb lossis tsis yog, kawm txog cov kua qaub thiab cov hauv paus tuaj yeem yog qhov kev kawm zoo. Koj tus menyuam pom cov kua qaub thiab cov hauv paus txhua hnub, yog li koj tuaj yeem piav qhia daim ntawv thov kev tshawb fawb rau lub neej niaj hnub.

Cov kws tshuaj lom neeg, kws paub txog tsiaj txhu thiab ib puag ncig ib puag ncig, nrog rau cov kws tshaj lij kuaj sim txhua tus siv pH los ntsuas cov kua qaub thiab alkalinity ntawm cov tshuaj. Tus ntsuas pH yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws thiab siv tau tshaj plaws rau ntsuas pH qib.

Koj nyob hauv chav kuaj tshuaj lom neeg thiab koj yuav tsum ua kom tiav cov dej haus. Koj yuav zoo li yuav tsum tau siv Bunsen hlawv kom sov cov kua sib tov kom npau. Qhov tseeb, Bunsen lub qhov hluav taws kub yog qhov cua sov uas yuav siv feem ntau hauv koj qhov kev qhia txog tshuaj lom neeg, nws puas yog cov organic lossis tsis muaj kuab lom.

Leej twg tsis muaj teeb meem thaum kawm txog tshuaj lom neeg? Qhov tseeb, tshuaj lom neeg yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis nkag siab yooj yim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj tsis paub txoj hauv kev los kawm nws. Txawm hais tias tsis muaj qhov luv luv rau kev paub txog chemistry, yam tsawg kawg koj tuaj yeem kawm paub cov txheej txheem zoo tshaj plaws los npaj koj tus kheej ua ntej nkag mus rau chav Chemistry.

Lub sijhawm ncua sijhawm yog qhov sawv cev pom ntawm ntau yam xwm txheej los ua kom yooj yim rau koj nkag siab txog keeb kwm, dab neeg, lossis txheej txheem. Lub sijhawm tuaj yeem siv rau ntau lub hom phiaj, yog li nws tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob uas koj yuav pom lawv hauv cov haujlwm kev kawm ib yam.

Pipettes yog cov cuab yeej siv ntsuas ntsuas thiab hloov pauv me me ntawm cov kua. Qhov tseeb hauv kev ntsuas pipette yog qhov tseem ceeb heev vim tias qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntim los ntawm cov raj xa tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov txiaj ntsig kev sim.

Cov duab qub ntawm tus tub rog yog tus tub rog sib ntaus tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab ntawm nws tus tswv thiab huab tais thiab tuav ceev rau cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm tus ntsuj plig chivalric. Chivalry xav tias muaj keeb kwm los ntawm Ordem Equestre era, cov nom tswv uas tau caij nees hauv Rome thaum ub.

Nco txog hnub tuaj yeem pab koj ntau txoj hauv kev, xws li ua kom yooj yim dua rau koj kom khaws keeb kwm yav dhau los, nco txog hnub yug, muaj kev lom zem, thiab ntau yam ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus neeg muaj teeb meem nco qab cov hlua ntawm cov lej thiab ntu ntawm hnub tim.