Hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg, kev daws teeb meem tau siv los piav qhia cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw uas tau sib xyaw thiab ua kom yaj tag nrog cov kua yam tsis muaj ib qho me me uas tsis yaj. Tsuas yog cov tshuaj ionized (them) tuaj yeem yaj tau. Txhawm rau yooj yim, koj tuaj yeem yooj yim cim ob peb txoj cai lossis xa mus rau cov npe kom pom tias feem ntau cov khoom sib xyaw yuav nyob ruaj khov thaum muab tso rau hauv dej lossis yuav yaj ntau. Qhov tseeb, qee cov molecules yuav yaj txawm tias koj tsis tuaj yeem pom qhov kev hloov pauv. Txhawm rau kom qhov kev sim ua tiav nrog qhov tseeb, koj yuav tsum paub yuav suav li cas cov nyiaj uas tau yaj.
Kauj ruam
Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 2: Siv Txoj Cai Ceev
Kauj Ruam 1. Kawm txog ionic compounds
Feem ntau txhua lub atom muaj qee tus lej ntawm electrons. Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum atoms nce lossis poob hluav taws xob. Qhov tshwm sim yog a ion uas yog hluav taws xob them. Thaum muaj qhov tsis zoo them nyiaj ion (muaj ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntxiv) ntsib qhov zoo them ion (poob ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob), ob lub ions sib koom ua ke zoo li tus ncej zoo thiab tsis zoo ntawm cov hlau nplaum, tsim cov ionic sib xyaw.
- Cov ions uas tsis zoo raug hu anion, thaum lub npe zoo ion tau hu cation.
- Raws li qhov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj, tus naj npawb ntawm cov hluav taws xob sib npaug rau cov lej ntawm cov protons hauv ib qho atom li tsis pom zoo nws cov nqi hluav taws xob.
Kauj Ruam 2. Nkag siab txog lub ncauj lus ntawm kev daws teeb meem
Dej molecules (H2O) muaj cov qauv txawv txawv uas zoo ib yam li cov hlau nplaum. Ib qho kawg muaj tus nqi zoo, thaum lwm qhov kawg raug them tsis zoo. Thaum cov ionic sib xyaw tso rau hauv dej, cov dej "hlau nplaum" yuav nyob ib puag ncig nws thiab sim nyiam thiab cais cov ions zoo thiab tsis zoo. Cov ntawv cog lus hauv qee qhov sib xyaw ionic tsis muaj zog heev. Xws li kev sib xyaw dej soluble vim dej yuav cais cov ions thiab yaj lawv. Qee qhov sib xyaw ua ke muaj kev sib zog ua kom zoo li ntawd tsis soluble hauv dej txawm tias nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov dej molecules.
Ntau yam sib xyaw muaj cov khoom sib txuas sab hauv uas tsuas yog muaj zog raws li cov dej quab yuam nyiam cov lwg me me. Xws li cov tshuaj hu ua me ntsis soluble hauv dej vim tias ib feem loj ntawm qhov sib txuas tau nyiam los ntawm dej, tab sis qhov seem tseem tseem fused.
Kauj Ruam 3. Kawm cov cai hais txog kev ua kom yaj tau
Interatomic kev sib cuam tshuam yog qhov nyuaj heev. Cov sib tov uas tau yaj los yog tsis yaj hauv dej tsis tuaj yeem pom yooj yim. Nrhiav thawj ion hauv cov khoom sib txuas los saib hauv cov npe hauv qab no txhawm rau txiav txim siab nws tus cwj pwm. Tom ntej no, kos rau ib qho kev zam kom ntseeg tau tias cov ion thib ob tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam txawv txav.
- Piv txwv, txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas Strontium Chloride (SrCl2), nrhiav Sr lossis Cl hauv cov qib hauv qab hauv qab no. Cl yog "feem ntau yog cov dej sib tov," yog li kos qhov txuas ntxiv rau qhov tshwj xeeb. Sr tsis suav nrog hauv qhov kev zam yog li SrCl2 twv yuav raug hu soluble hauv dej.
- Qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws rau txhua txoj cai tau teev tseg hauv qab no. Muaj qee qhov kev zam tshwj xeeb, tab sis tej zaum lawv yuav tsis pom nyob hauv chav kuaj lossis tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau.
Kauj Ruam 4. Cov sib xyaw tuaj yeem yaj tau yog tias lawv muaj cov hlau alkali, suav nrog Li+, NaJ+, K+, Rb ib+, thiab Cs+.
Cov ntsiab lus no tseem hu ua pab pawg IA: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, thiab cesium. Yuav luag txhua qhov sib xyaw uas muaj ib qho ntawm cov ions no tau yaj hauv dej.
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Tsuas yog:
Li3PO4 insoluble hauv dej.
Kauj Ruam 5. TSIS MUAJ3-, C2H3O2-, Tsis yog2-, ClO3-, and ClOj4- soluble hauv dej.
Cov npe yog feem nitrate, acetate, nitrite, chlorate, thiab perchlorate ions. Nco ntsoov tias acetate feem ntau luv rau OAC.
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Tsuas yog:
Ag (OAc) (Silver acetate) thiab Hg (OAc)2 (mercury acetate) tsis yaj hauv dej.
- AgNO2- thiab KClO4- tsuas yog "me ntsis soluble hauv dej."
Kauj Ruam 6. Cl-, Tsis-, thiab kuv- feem ntau me ntsis soluble hauv dej.
Chloride, bromide, thiab iodide ions ib txwm tsim cov dej sib tov sib xyaw hu ua ntsev ntsev.
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Tsuas yog:
Yog tias ib qho ntawm cov ions no khi cov nyiaj ion Ag+, mercury Hg22+, los yog lead Pb2+, qhov sib xyaw ua ke yog tsis yaj hauv dej. Tib yam muaj tseeb rau qhov tsis tshua muaj sib xyaw, uas yog Cu+ thiab thallium Tl+.
Kauj Ruam 7. Cov sib xyaw uas muaj SO42- feem ntau soluble hauv dej.
Cov sulfate ion feem ntau tsim cov dej sib tov sib xyaw, tab sis muaj qee qhov kev zam.
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Tsuas yog:
Sulfate ion tsim cov tshuaj sib xyaw tsis haum hauv dej nrog: strontium Sr2+, barium Ib2+, pb siv2+, nyiaj Ag+, Calc Ca2+, radium Rau2+, thiab diatomic silver Ag22+. Nco ntsoov tias nyiaj sulfate thiab calcium sulfate muaj txaus soluble uas qee tus hu lawv ua dej me ntsis.
Kauj Ruam 8. Cov sib xyaw uas muaj OH- lub S.2- insoluble hauv dej.
Cov ions saum toj no yog npe hydroxide thiab sulfide.
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Tsuas yog:
Nco ntsoov txog cov hlau alkali (Pawg I-A) thiab yooj yim npaum li cas ions los ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv cov pab pawg no tsim cov dej sib tov sib xyaw? Li+, NaJ+, K+, Rb ib+, thiab Cs+ yuav tsim cov dej sib tov sib xyaw nrog hydroxide lossis sulfide ions. Ib qho ntxiv, hydroxides kuj tsim cov dej-soluble ntsev nrog alkaline earth ions (Pawg II-A): calcium Ca2+, strontium Sr Ib2+, thiab barium Ba2+. Nco tseg tias cov khoom sib xyaw ua los ntawm hydroxides thiab alkaline earths tseem muaj cov molecules sib txuas ua ke uas lawv qee zaum hu ua "me ntsis yaj hauv dej."
Kauj Ruam 9. Cov sib xyaw uas muaj CO32- sau PO43- insoluble hauv dej.
Ib qho ntxiv tshuaj xyuas carbonate thiab phosphate ions. Koj yuav tsum paub tias yuav muaj dab tsi tshwm sim rau qhov sib xyaw ntawm ions.
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Tsuas yog:
Cov ions no tsim cov dej sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov hlau alkali, uas yog Li+, NaJ+, K+, Rb ib+, thiab Cs+, zoo li ammonium NH4+.
Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 2: Xam Qhov Kev Ua Phem Los Ntawm Ksp
Kauj Ruam 1. Nrhiav qhov solubility tsis tu ncua ntawm cov khoom Ksp.
Txhua qhov sib xyaw muaj qhov sib txawv tas li, koj yuav tsum saib nws hauv lub rooj hauv koj phau ntawv lossis online. Vim tias qhov txiaj ntsig tau txiav txim siab sim, cov ntxhuav sib txawv tuaj yeem pom qhov sib txawv sib txawv. Nws tau pom zoo tias koj siv cov ntxhuav hauv phau ntawv yog tias koj muaj. Tshwj tsis yog muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, feem ntau cov rooj xav tias qhov kub yog 25ºC.
Piv txwv li, yog tias dab tsi yog yaj iodide PbI2, sau qhov solubility tsis tu ncua ntawm cov khoom. Thaum hais txog lub rooj ntawm bilbo.chm.uri.edu, siv qhov tas mus li 7, 1 × 10–9.
Kauj Ruam 2. Sau cov tshuaj sib npaug
Ua ntej, txiav txim siab txheej txheem uas cov khoom sib cais ua ions thaum yaj. Tom qab ntawd, sau qhov sib npaug tshuaj nrog Ksp ntawm ib sab thiab cov ions sib koom ntawm lwm qhov.
- Piv txwv li, PbI. Molecule2 faib ua Pb. ions2+, Kuv-, thiab I. ions-. (Koj tsuas yog xav paub lossis saib xyuas tus nqi ntawm ib qho ion vim tias cov khoom siv tag nrho muaj qhov nruab nrab them.)
- Sau qhov sib npaug 7, 1 × 10–9 = [Peb2+] [Kuv-]2
Kauj Ruam 3. Hloov cov kab zauv los siv qhov sib txawv
Sau qhov kev ua zauv raws li teeb meem algebraic yooj yim siv kev paub txog tus lej ntawm cov lwg me me thiab ions. Hauv kab zauv no x yog tus naj npawb ntawm cov sib tov sib xyaw. Sau cov ntawv hloov pauv uas sawv cev rau tus lej ntawm txhua tus ion hauv x daim ntawv.
- Hauv qhov piv txwv no, qhov sib npaug tau rov sau dua li 7, 1 × 10–9 = [Peb2+] [Kuv-]2
- Vim tias muaj ib qho lead ion (Pb2+) hauv cov khoom sib xyaw, cov naj npawb ntawm cov molecules ntawm cov sib xyaw ua kom sib npaug yog cov naj npawb ntawm cov hlau lead dawb ions. Tam sim no peb tuaj yeem sau [Pb2+] tiv x.
- Txij li muaj ob qho iodine ions (I.-) rau txhua cov hlau lead, cov lej ntawm iodine atoms tuaj yeem sau ua 2x.
- Tam sim no qhov sib npaug yog 7, 1 × 10–9 = (x) (2x)2
Kauj Ruam 4. Coj mus rau lwm tus cov ions ib txwm muaj yog tias ua tau
Hla cov kauj ruam no yog tias cov sib xyaw tau yaj hauv cov dej ntshiab. Thaum cov tshuaj sib tov tau yaj hauv qhov kev daws teeb meem uas twb muaj ib lossis ntau dua ntawm cov neeg tsim cov ions ("common ions") nws qhov kev daws teeb meem yuav nce ntxiv. Feem ntau cov txiaj ntsig ionic pom zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov sib txuas uas feem ntau tsis yaj hauv dej. Hauv qhov no nws tuaj yeem xav tias feem ntau ntawm cov ions ntawm qhov sib npaug los ntawm ions twb muaj nyob hauv kev daws teeb meem. Rov sau dua qhov sib npaug rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom suav nrog qhov paub qhov hnyav ntawm cov molar (moles ib litre lossis M) ntawm cov ion uas twb muaj lawm hauv kev daws, yog li hloov tus nqi x siv rau cov ion.
Piv txwv li, yog tias cov tshuaj txhuas iodide sib xyaw tau yaj hauv cov tshuaj uas muaj 0.2 M lead chloride (PbCl2) ces qhov sib npaug yuav yog 7, 1 × 10–9 = (0, 2M+x) (2 x)2. Tom qab ntawd, txij li 0.2 M yog qhov muaj kev mloog zoo ntau dua li x, qhov sib npaug tuaj yeem rov sau dua li 7.1 × 10–9 = (0,2M) (2x)2.
Kauj Ruam 5. Txhim kho qhov sib npaug
Daws x kom paub seb cov dej sib tov sib xyaw tau zoo li cas hauv cov dej. Txij li qhov kev daws teeb meem tsis tu ncua twb tau tsim los lawm, cov lus teb yog nyob ntawm cov naj npawb ntawm cov moles ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw rau ib liter dej. Koj yuav xav tau lub laij lej los xam cov lus teb zaum kawg.
- Cov lus teb hauv qab no yog rau kev daws teeb meem hauv cov dej ntshiab, tsis muaj cov ions ntau.
- 7, 1×10–9 = (x) (2x)2
- 7, 1×10–9 = (x) (4x2)
- 7, 1×10–9 = 4x3
- (7, 1×10–9) 4x = x3
- x = ((7, 1 × 10–9) ÷ 4)
- x = np 1,2x1 0-3 moles ib liter yuav yaj. Tus nqi no tsawg heev uas nws yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb hauv dej.
