Hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg, electronegativity yog ntsuas ntawm qib uas atom nyiam cov electrons hauv kev sib cog. Atoms nrog electronegativity siab nyiam cov electrons zoo, thaum atoms nrog qis electronegativity nyiam electrons weakly. Electronegativity qhov tseem ceeb tau siv los kwv yees tus cwj pwm ntawm cov atoms sib txawv thaum sib koom ua ke, ua rau nws muaj txuj ci tseem ceeb hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg.
Kauj ruam
Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 3: Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus Electronegativity
Kauj Ruam 1. Nkag siab tias cov tshuaj sib raug zoo tshwm sim thaum atoms sib koom siv hluav taws xob
Txhawm rau nkag siab electronegativity, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ua ntej nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib koom ua ke. Ib qho twg ntawm ob lub atoms hauv cov molecule uas cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg hauv daim duab qauv molecular, muaj cov ntawv cog lus. Yeej, qhov no txhais tau hais tias ob lub atoms sib koom ua ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob - txhua lub atom koom nrog ib lub atom rau cov nyiaj.
Qhov laj thawj tseeb vim li cas atoms sib koom cov tshuab hluav taws xob thiab cov nyiaj sib txuas yog dhau qhov uas tau piav qhia hauv kab lus no. Yog tias koj xav kawm paub ntau ntxiv, sim nyeem cov kab lus hauv qab no ntawm kev pib ua haujlwm lossis lwm yam kab lus
Kauj Ruam 2. Nkag siab tias electronegativity cuam tshuam li cas rau cov electrons hauv ib daim ntawv cog lus
Thaum ob lub atoms muaj pas dej ua ke ntawm ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv ib daim ntawv cog lus, cov atoms tsis tas yuav faib ncaj ncees. Thaum ib lub atom muaj hluav taws xob ntau dua li lub atom uas nws tau sib txuas, nws nyiam ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv cov ntawv cog lus ze rau nws tus kheej. Atoms nrog electronegativity siab tuaj yeem nyiam cov hluav taws xob mus rau sab ntawm daim ntawv cog lus, sib koom nrog txhua lwm yam atoms.
Piv txwv li, hauv NaCl (sodium chloride) molecule, chloride atom muaj cov hluav taws xob zoo heev thiab sodium muaj cov hluav taws xob tsawg. Yog li, cov electrons yuav raug nyiam ze rau chloride thiab nyob deb ntawm sodium.
Kauj Ruam 3. Siv lub rooj electronegativity los ua qhov siv
Lub rooj electronegativity ntawm cov ntsiab lus muaj cov ntsiab lus tau teeb tsa raws nraim hauv cov lus teev tseg, tshwj tsis yog txhua lub atom tau sau nrog nws tus kheej electronegativity. Cov ntxhuav no tuaj yeem pom muaj ntau yam hauv phau ntawv tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov khoom siv engineering nrog rau hauv online.
Nov yog qhov txuas rau lub rooj hluav taws xob zoo heev. Nco ntsoov tias cov lus no siv feem ntau siv Pauling qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj lwm txoj hauv kev los ntsuas kev ntsuas hluav taws xob, ib qho uas tau qhia hauv qab no
Kauj Ruam 4. Nco ntsoov qhov xav tau ntawm electronegativity rau kev kwv yees yooj yim
Yog tias koj tsis muaj lub rooj electronegativity uas siv tau tseem, koj tseem tuaj yeem kwv yees ib qho atom's electronegativity raws li nws qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov lus niaj zaus. Raws li txoj cai dav dav:
- Cov electronegativity ntawm atom nce siab ntau koj txav mus rau txoj cai nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev sijhawm.
- Cov electronegativity ntawm atom nce siab koj txav mus ntau caij nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev sijhawm.
- Yog li, cov atoms nyob rau sab xis saum toj muaj cov hluav taws xob ntau tshaj plaws thiab cov atoms hauv qab sab laug muaj cov hluav taws xob qis tshaj plaws.
- Piv txwv li, hauv NaCl piv txwv saum toj no, koj tuaj yeem qhia tias tshuaj chlorine muaj hluav taws xob ntau dua li sodium vim tias cov tshuaj chlorine yuav luag txog rau sab xis. Ntawm qhov tod tes, sodium nyob deb rau sab laug, ua rau nws yog ib qib qis tshaj plaws.
Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 3: Nrhiav Nyiaj Los Ntawm Electronegativity
Kauj Ruam 1. Nrhiav qhov sib txawv ntawm electronegativity ntawm ob lub atoms
Thaum ob lub atoms sib raug zoo, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hluav taws xob sib txawv ntawm ob qho tuaj yeem qhia koj txog qhov zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv. Rho qhov me me electronegativity los ntawm qhov loj dua kom pom qhov sib txawv.
Piv txwv li, yog tias peb saib HF molecule, peb yuav rho cov electronegativity ntawm hydrogen (2, 1) los ntawm fluorine (4, 0). 4, 0 - 2, 1 = 1, 9
Kauj Ruam 2. Yog tias qhov sib txawv qis dua 0.5, daim ntawv cog lus yog covalent uas tsis yog ncov qaumteb qabteb
Hauv daim ntawv cog lus no, cov hluav taws xob tau sib koom ncaj ncees. Cov nyiaj no tsis tsim cov molecule uas muaj qhov sib txawv loj hauv kev them nqi ntawm ob lub atoms. Cov kab uas tsis yog ncov qaumteb qabteb yuav ua rau nyuaj heev.
Piv txwv, O. molecule2 muaj hom kev cog lus no. Txij li ob qho tib si oxygens muaj cov hluav taws xob zoo ib yam, qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv cov electronegativities yog 0.
Kauj Ruam 3. Yog tias qhov sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm 0.5-1, 6, daim ntawv cog lus yog covalent ncov qaumteb qabteb
Cov nyiaj no muaj ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv ib qho atom. Qhov no ua rau cov molecule me ntsis ntau qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov kawg ntawm atom nrog ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab me ntsis zoo dua thaum kawg ntawm lub atom nrog tsawg dua electrons. Qhov tsis sib xws ntawm tus nqi hauv cov nyiaj no tso cai rau cov molecules los koom nrog qee yam tshwj xeeb
Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm cov nyiaj no yog H molecule2O (dej). O yog hluav taws xob ntau dua li ob tus H, yog li O muaj ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab ua rau tag nrho cov qauv tsis zoo ntawm O kawg thiab ib nrab zoo ntawm H kawg.
Kauj Ruam 4. Yog tias qhov sib txawv ntau dua 2.0, daim ntawv cog lus yog ionic
Hauv daim ntawv cog lus no, txhua lub tshuab hluav taws xob nyob ntawm ib kawg ntawm daim ntawv cog lus. Qhov ntau electronegative atom tau txais tus nqi tsis zoo thiab tsawg electronegative atom tau txais tus nqi zoo. Cov ntawv cog lus no tso cai rau cov atoms ua haujlwm zoo nrog lwm cov atoms thiab txawm tias sib cais los ntawm cov kab mob qaum.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm daim ntawv cog lus no yog NaCl (sodium chloride). Cov tshuaj chlorine yog li electronegative uas nws nyiam ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv kev cog lus ntawm nws tus kheej, tawm hauv sodium nrog tus nqi zoo
Kauj Ruam 5. Yog tias qhov sib txawv ntawm 1.6-2, 0, nrhiav cov hlau
Yog muaj hlau hauv daim ntawv cog lus, daim ntawv cog lus yog ionic. Yog tias tsuas muaj cov hlau tsis sib thooj, daim ntawv cog lus yog polar covalent
- Cov hlau suav nrog feem ntau ntawm cov atoms ntawm sab laug thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov lus teev tseg. Nplooj ntawv no muaj cov lus qhia txog cov khoom uas yog hlau.
- Peb tus piv txwv HF los saum toj no, suav nrog hauv txoj hlua no. Txij li H thiab F tsis yog hlau, lawv muaj cov ntawv cog lus polar covalent.
Txoj Kev 3 ntawm 3: Nrhiav Mulliken Electronegativity
Kauj Ruam 1. Nrhiav thawj lub zog ionization ntawm koj lub atom
Mulliken's electronegativity yog qhov txawv me ntsis los ntawm txoj hauv kev ntsuas kev siv hluav taws xob siv hauv Pauling cov lus saum toj no. Txhawm rau nrhiav Mulliken electronegativity rau qhov muab atom, nrhiav atom thawj lub zog ionization. Qhov no yog lub zog xav tau los ua ib qho atom muab tso rau ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob.
- Nov yog qee yam uas koj yuav tsum tau nrhiav hauv cov ntaub ntawv siv tshuaj lom neeg. Lub vev xaib no muaj lub rooj zoo, uas koj yuav xav siv (nqes mus kom pom nws).
- Piv txwv li, xav tias peb saib rau electronegativity ntawm lithium (Li). Hauv cov lus ntawm qhov chaw saum toj no, peb tuaj yeem pom tias thawj lub zog ionization yog 520 kJ/mol.
Kauj Ruam 2. Nrhiav cov electron affinity ntawm atom
Kev sib raug zoo yog ntsuas ntawm lub zog tau txais thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau ntxiv rau atom los tsim cov ion tsis zoo. Ib zaug ntxiv, qhov no yog qee yam koj yuav tsum tau saib hauv cov ntaub ntawv siv. Lub xaib no muaj cov peev txheej uas koj yuav xav saib.
Lub electron affinity ntawm lithium yog 60 KJ os-1.
Kauj Ruam 3. Daws qhov Mulliken electronegativity equation
Thaum koj siv kJ/mol ua chav rau koj lub zog, qhov sib npaug rau Mulliken electronegativity yog ENMulliken = (1, 97×10−3) (E ibkuv+Eua ea) + 0, 19. Ntsuas koj qhov txiaj ntsig rau hauv kab zauv thiab daws rau ENMulliken.
-
Hauv peb qhov piv txwv, peb yuav daws nws zoo li no:
-
- ENMulliken = (1, 97×10−3) (E ibkuv+Eua ea) + 0, 19
- ENMulliken = (1, 97×10−3)(520 + 60) + 0, 19
- ENMulliken = 1, 143 + 0, 19 = 1, 333
-
Lub tswv yim
- Ntxiv rau Pauling thiab Mulliken nplai, lwm qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob muaj xws li Allred – Rochow nplai, Sanderson nplai, thiab Allen nplai. Tag nrho cov nplai no muaj lawv tus kheej qhov sib npaug rau kev suav electronegativity (qee qhov ntawm cov kev ua zauv tuaj yeem nyuaj heev).
- Electronegativity tsis muaj chav nyob.
