Yuav ua li cas Crystallize Organic Compound: 11 Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)

2024 Tus sau: Jason Gerald | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 11:14

Crystallization (lossis rov ua dua tshiab) yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev ua kom huv ntawm cov organic sib txuas. Cov txheej txheem tshem tawm cov khoom tsis huv los ntawm crystallization suav nrog ua kom cov tshuaj sib xyaw hauv qhov hnyav tsim nyog, ua kom txias cov tshuaj thiab saturating nws nrog cov sib xyaw ua kom huv, crystallizing cov tshuaj, cais nws los ntawm kev lim, ntxuav nws saum npoo nrog txias hnyav kom tshem tawm cov khoom tsis huv, thiab kom qhuav

Cov txheej txheem no ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev tswj hwm kev sim tshuaj lom neeg, hauv thaj chaw muaj cua nkag tau zoo. Nco ntsoov tias cov txheej txheem no muaj ntau yam kev thov, suav nrog kev lag luam loj ua kom huv qab zib los ntawm kev ua kom cov khoom qab zib nyoos thiab tawm hauv qhov tsis huv.

Kauj ruam

Kauj Ruam 1. Xaiv qhov hnyav uas haum

Nco ntsoov lo lus "zoo li yaj zoo li" lossis Similia similibus solvuntur, uas txhais tau tias cov tshuaj uas muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws yuav yaj hauv ib leeg. Piv txwv li, suab thaj thiab ntsev tau yaj hauv dej, tsis yog roj - thiab cov sib txuas tsis sib xws xws li hydrocarbons yuav yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj uas tsis yog xim hlau xws li hexane.

• Cov kuab tshuaj zoo tagnrho muaj cov khoom hauv qab no:

  • Cov dej sib tov sib tov thaum kub, tab sis tsis yaj thaum txias.
  • Tsis yaj txhua yam tsis huv (yog li lawv tuaj yeem lim tawm thaum cov tshuaj tsis huv tau yaj), lossis yaj tag nrho cov khoom tsis huv (yog li lawv tseem nyob hauv kev daws thaum cov khoom xav tau sib xyaw ua ke).
  • Yuav tsis hnov mob nrog cov sib txuas.
  • Hlawv tsis tau.
  • Tsis muaj tshuaj lom.
  • Tsis kim.
  • Hloov pauv heev (yog li nws tuaj yeem yooj yim cais los ntawm cov muaju)

• Nws feem ntau nyuaj rau txiav txim siab qhov hnyav tshaj plaws, uas feem ntau tau txais kev sim, lossis los ntawm kev siv cov kuab tshuaj uas tsis muaj zog tshaj plaws muaj. Ua kom paub koj tus kheej nrog cov npe hauv qab no ntawm cov kuab tshuaj feem ntau (los ntawm feem ntau ncov qaumteb mus rau qis tshaj plaws ncov qaumteb qabteb). Nco ntsoov tias cov kuab tshuaj uas nyob ze ua ke yuav sib tov (sib tov sib xyaw). Cov kuab tshuaj uas nquag siv feem ntau yog ua siab tawv.

  • Dej (H.₂O) yog cov uas tsis muaj kuab lom, tsis muaj kuab lom, thiab yuav yaj ntau cov kab mob organic sab hauv. Qhov tsis zoo yog nws qhov kub npau npau (100 degrees Celsius), ua rau nws tsis cuam tshuam thiab nyuaj rau cais los ntawm cov muaju.
  • Cov kua qaub (CH)₃KOJ) yog cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation, tab sis cuam tshuam nrog cawv thiab amines, thiab yog li ntawd nyuaj rau cais (qhov kub npau npau yog 118 degrees Celsius).
  • Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methyl sulfoxide (CH₃HLOOV₃) feem ntau yog siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tsis tshua muaj rau crystallization. Cov tshuaj no kub hnyiab ntawm 189 degrees Celsius, thiab nyuaj rau cais.
  • Methanol (TSO₃OH) yog cov kuab tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev yaj ntau yam sib xyaw nrog cov polarity ntau dua li lwm cov cawv. Kub taw tes: 65 degrees Celsius. C.
  • Acetone (CH3COCH3) Cov. yog cov kuab tshuaj zoo heev, qhov tsis zoo yog tias nws muaj qhov kub npau npau qis txog 56 degrees Celsius, yog li qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias me me nyob rau hauv qhov sib tov ntawm qhov sib xyaw ntawm qhov kub npau thiab chav sov.
  • 2-Butanone, methyl ethyl ketone, MEK (CH₃COCH₂CH₃) yog cov kuab tshuaj zoo tshaj plaws nrog lub ntsuas kub ntawm 80 degrees Celsius.
  • Ethyl acetate (CH₃COOC₂H₅) yog cov kuab tshuaj zoo tshaj plaws nrog lub ntsuas kub ntawm 78 degrees Celsius.
  • Dichloromethane, methylene chloride (CH₂Cl₂) muaj txiaj ntsig zoo raws li cov koom tes hnyav nrog ligroin, tab sis nws qhov kub npau npau tsuas yog 35 degrees Celsius yog qhov qis dhau los ua kom muaj kuab zoo crystallization. Txawm li cas los. nws qhov chaw khov yog -78 degrees Celsius. siv dej khov los yog xab npum acetone,
  • Diethyl ether (CH₃CH₂OCH₂CH₃) muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li cov kuab tshuaj sib txuas nrog ligroin, tab sis nws cov ntsiab lus kub ntawm 40 degrees Celsius yog qis dhau los ua kom muaj kuab zoo crystallization.
  • Methyl t -Butyl ether (CH₃OS (CH₃)₃) yog cov kuab tshuaj pheej yig, hloov pauv tau zoo rau diethyl ether vim nws qhov kub ntau dua, 52 degrees Celsius.
  • Dioxane (C.₄H₈O₂) yog cov khoom uas sib cais tau yooj yim los ntawm cov muaju, yog cov carcinogen me me, tsim cov tshuaj peroxides, thiab muaj qhov kub npau npau 101 degrees Celsius.
  • Toluene (kuv₆H₅CH₃) yog cov kuab tshuaj zoo rau crystallization ntawm aryl cov tebchaw thiab tau hloov pauv yav dhau los feem ntau siv cov tshuaj benzene (cov carcinogens tsis muaj zog). Qhov tsis zoo yog nws qhov kub npau npau, 111 degrees Celsius, ua rau nws nyuaj rau cais los ntawm cov muaju.
  • Pentane (Cov₅H₁₂) Nws tau siv dav rau cov sib txuas tsis-ncov qaumteb qabteb, feem ntau yog ua cov kuab tshuaj sib xyaw nrog lwm cov kuab tshuaj. Nws qhov kub npau npau qis txhais tau tias cov kuab tshuaj no muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua thaum siv ua ke nrog dej khov lossis acetone.
  • Hexane (kuv₆H₁₄) siv rau cov khoom sib txuas uas tsis yog ncov qaumteb qabteb, inert, feem ntau siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj, kub npau 69 degrees Celsius.
  • Cyclohexane (C.₆H₁₂) zoo ib yam li hexane, tab sis pheej yig dua thiab muaj qhov kub npau npau ntawm 81 degrees Celsius.
  • Roj av ether yog cov dej sib xyaw ua ke uas muaj lub hauv paus tseem ceeb yog pentane, tsis kim, thiab tuaj yeem siv pauv nrog pentane. Qhov kub npau npau yog 30-60 degrees Celsius.

  • Ligroin yog cov sib xyaw ua kom muaj cov dej sib tov uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm hexane.

    Cov kauj ruam rau xaiv cov kuab tshuaj:

1. Muab me me ntawm cov muaju ntawm qhov tsis huv sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov raj kuaj thiab ntxiv ib tee ntawm txhua qhov hnyav, yog li nws tuaj yeem ntws los ntawm ib sab ntawm lub raj kuaj.
2. Yog tias cov nplais hauv cov raj ntsuas tau yaj tam sim ntawd ntawm chav sov, tsis kam siv cov kuab tshuaj vim tias cov tshuaj sib xyaw ntau yuav nyob hauv qhov kub tsawg. Sim ua lwm yam hnyav.
3. Yog tias cov nplais tsis yaj hauv chav sov, ua kom sov lub raj ntsuas hauv qhov kub da dej thiab saib cov nplaim paj. Ntxiv lwm qhov hnyav ntawm qhov hnyav yog tias cov nplais tsis tau yaj. Yog tias cov nplais yaj ntawm qhov kub npau npau ntawm qhov hnyav thiab rov ua dua thaum txias rau chav sov, koj tau pom cov kuab tshuaj raug. Yog tsis yog, sim lwm qhov hnyav.

4. Yog tias, tom qab txheej txheem ntsuas hnyav, tsis pom muaj qhov ua tau zoo txaus, siv cov tshuaj hnyav. Dissolve cov muaju hauv cov kuab tshuaj zoo dua (cov kuab tshuaj uas tau ua pov thawj kom yaj cov muaju), tom qab ntawd ntxiv cov kuab tshuaj uas tsis zoo rau cov dej kub kom txog thaum nws dhau los ua huab (cov tshuaj yog saturated nrog cov kuab tshuaj). Cov kuab tshuaj yuav tsum sib xyaw ua ke. Qee cov kuab tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo yog acetic acid - dej, ethanol - dej, dioxane - dej, acetone - ethanol, ethanol - diethyl ether, methanol - 2 -butanone, ethyl acetate - cyclohexane, acetone - ligroin, ethyl acetate - ligroin, diethyl ether - ligroin, dichloromethane - ligroin, toluene - ligroin.

   

   Kauj Ruam 2. Dissolve qhov sib xyaw ua kom tsis huv

   Txhawm rau ua cov txheej txheem no, muab cov tshuaj tso rau hauv lub raj kuaj. Zuaj cov nplais loj nrog rab nplawm kom nrawm dua. Ntxiv qhov hnyav hnyav los ntawm qhov poob. Txhawm rau cais cov khoom tsis huv uas tsis haum, siv cov kuab tshuaj ntau dhau los txhawm rau daws cov tshuaj thiab lim cov khoom tsis huv ntawm chav sov (saib cov txheej txheem pom hauv qib 4), tom qab ntawd ua kom cov kuab tshuaj yaj. Ua ntej cua sov, ntxig daim ntawv thov ntoo mus rau hauv lub raj kuaj kom tsis txhob muaj cua sov ntau (ua kom sov cov tshuaj saum toj no lub ntsiab lus kub ntawm qhov kev daws teeb meem yam tsis tau rhaub). Cov cua uas nyob hauv cov ntoo yuav tawm los tsim cov nuclei kom cov tshuaj tuaj yeem rhaub tau ntau dua. Xwb, siv lub perforated porcelain boiling chip. Tom qab cov khoom tsis huv tau raug tshem tawm thiab cov kuab tshuaj tau evaporated, ntxiv cov tshuaj hnyav los ntawm qhov poob thaum nplawm cov nplais nrog iav tswm ciab thiab ua kom sov lub raj ntsuas hauv cov pa lossis cov xuab zeb kom txog thaum cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov kuab tshuaj tsawg.

   

   Kauj Ruam 3. Tshem cov xim ntawm cov tshuaj

   Hla cov kauj ruam no yog tias cov tshuaj tsis muaj xim lossis tsuas yog daj me ntsis. Yog tias qhov kev daws teeb meem yog xim (raws li qhov tsim los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg tshuaj lom neeg), ntxiv cov kuab tshuaj ntau dhau thiab ua kom muaj hluav ncaig (carbon), thiab rhaub cov tshuaj rau ob peb feeb. Cov xim tsis huv yuav raug nqus mus rau cov nplaim hluav ncaig vim nws qib siab ntawm microporosity. Cais cov hluav ncaig uas twb muaj cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab los ntawm kev lim dej, raws li yuav piav qhia hauv theem tom ntej.

   

   Kauj Ruam 4. Cais cov khib nyiab los ntawm kev lim dej

   Kev lim dej tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev nqus lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, kev txiav txim siab, lossis kev sib cais ntawm cov tshuaj siv lub raj xa dej. Feem ntau, tsis txhob siv lub tshuab nqus tsev nqus vim qhov hnyav yuav txias hauv cov txheej txheem, yog li cov khoom yuav crystallize hauv lub lim.

   • Lub ntiajteb txawj nqus pom: qhov no yog txoj hauv kev xaiv rau kev cais cov hmoov av zoo, hmoov av, daim iav, thiab lwm yam. Siv peb lub raj Erlenmeyer rhaub rau ntawm cov dej kub lossis ua kom sov phaj: thawj qhov muaj cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau lim, qhov thib ob muaj ob peb milliliters ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab tsis muaj lub qhov taub, thaum tus thib peb muaj ob peb milliliters ntawm cov kua crystallizing los siv rau ntxuav. Muab cov ntawv lim dej pov tseg (siv vim tias koj tsis siv lub tshuab nqus tsev) ntawm lub qhov taub uas tsis muaj pob zeb (tsis muaj qia kom cov kua ua kom txias tsis txias thiab ua rau lub hauv paus qia nrog cov muaju) hauv Erlenmeyer lub raj mis thib ob. Nqa cov tshuaj tov rau kom npau npau, tshem nws nrog phuam, tom qab ntawd hliv cov tshuaj tov rau daim ntawv lim. Ntxiv cov dej npau los ntawm Erlenmeyer lub raj mis thib peb mus rau cov nplais tsim los ntawm cov ntawv lim thiab ntxuav thawj Erlenmeyer lub raj mis uas muaj cov tshuaj lim, ntxiv lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws rau cov ntawv lim. Tshem cov kuab tshuaj ntau dhau los ntawm kev rhaub cov tshuaj lim.
   • Decantation: Txoj kev no yog siv rau cov khoom tsis huv loj. Ncuav rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj kub, kom cov kuab tshuaj uas tsis yaj tau tso tseg.
   • Kev sib cais hnyav los ntawm pipette: Txoj kev no yog siv rau qhov kev daws teeb meem me me yog tias cov khoom tsis huv loj txaus. Ntxig lub raj xa dej nrog cov lus qhia plaub fab rau hauv qab ntawm lub raj kuaj (ncig hauv qab), tom qab ntawd cais cov kua los ntawm kev nqus nws nrog cov raj xa dej. Cov khoom tsis huv yuav raug tso tseg.

   

   Kauj Ruam 5. Crystallize qhov xav tau sib xyaw

   Cov kauj ruam no yog ua los ntawm kev xav tias txhua yam xim thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua kom tsis huv tau cais los ntawm cov kauj ruam tsim nyog tau piav qhia saum toj no. Tshem tawm cov kuab tshuaj ntau dhau los ntawm kev rhaub nws lossis maj mam ntws cov pa. Pib nrog qhov kev daws teeb meem uas yog saturated nrog cov kuab tshuaj ntawm qhov kub npau npau. Cia txias txias kom sov rau chav sov. Crystallization yuav pib. Txwv tsis pub, pib txheej txheem los ntawm kev ntxig cov noob muaju lossis pib hauv lub raj nrog lub khob iav hauv cov kua-huab cua sib cuam tshuam. Thaum cov txheej txheem crystallization tau pib, tsis txhob cuam tshuam lub thawv kom tsim cov nplais loj. Txhawm rau txias txias (kom tso cov muaju loj dua los ua), koj tuaj yeem insulate lub thawv nrog paj rwb lossis ntawv ntaub so ntswg. Cov muaju loj dua yog yooj yim cais los ntawm cov khoom tsis huv. Thaum lub thawv ntim tag nrho ntawm chav sov, ua kom khov rau ntawm cov dej khov li ntawm tsib feeb kom ua kom muaj coob tus muaju.

   

   Kauj Ruam 6. Nqa thiab ntxuav cov nplais

   Txhawm rau ua cov txheej txheem no, cais cov muaju los ntawm qhov hnyav-txias los ntawm kev lim dej. Kev lim dej tuaj yeem nqa nrog Hirsch funnel, Buchner funnel, lossis los ntawm kev cais cov kuab tshuaj siv lub raj xa dej.

   • Pom nrog Hirsch funnel: Muab lub Hirsh funnel nrog cov ntawv lim dej tsis huv rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev kaw. Muab lub taub lim dej tso rau ntawm cov dej khov kom cov tshuaj txias txias. Ntub daim ntawv lim dej nrog cov kuab tshuaj crystallizing. Txuas lub hwj rau lub tshuab nqus pa, qhib lub tshuab nqus pa, thiab xyuas kom meej tias daim ntawv lim tau rub los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev mus rau hauv lub qhov taub. Ncuav thiab txhuam cov nplais rau hauv lub raj mis, thiab tshem lub tshuab nqus kom sai li sai tau thaum cov kua sib cais los ntawm cov muaju. Siv ob peb tee dej khov ua kom txias los ntxuav lub raj mis ua kua thiab nchuav nws mus rau hauv lub qhov taub thaum rov nqus lub tshuab nqus tsev, thiab tshem lub tshuab nqus tsev sai li sai tau tag nrho cov kua tau sib cais los ntawm cov muaju. Ntxuav cov muaju ob peb zaug nrog cov dej khov txias kom tshem tawm cov seem uas tsis huv. Thaum koj ntxuav tas lawm, tso lub tshuab nqus tsev kom qhuav cov nplais.
   • Pom siv Buchner funnel: Muab ib daim ntawv uas tsis tau lim dej tso rau hauv qab ntawm Buchner funnel thiab moisten nws nrog cov kuab tshuaj. Ruaj lub raj xa dej mus rau lub taub lim dej nrog cov roj hmab lossis cov khoom siv roj hmab sib xyaw kom tso lub tshuab nqus tsev. Ncuav thiab txhuam cov nplais rau hauv lub raj mis, tom qab ntawd tshem lub tshuab nqus tsev sai li sai tau cov kua tau muab cais rau hauv lub hwj thiab cov muaju tseem nyob ntawm daim ntawv. Yaug lub raj mis crystallization nrog cov tshuaj ua kom txias txias, ntxiv rau cov ntxhua khaub ncaws ntxuav, rov nruab lub tshuab nqus tsev, thiab tshem tawm thaum cov kua tau sib cais los ntawm cov muaju. Rov ua dua thiab ntxuav ntau yam muaju raws li xav tau. Tawm hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev kom qhuav cov muaju thaum kawg.
   • Ntxuav siv lub raj xa dej, txoj hauv kev no yog siv los ntxuav cov nplais me me. Ntxig lub raj xa dej nrog cov lus qhia plaub fab rau hauv qab ntawm lub raj kuaj (sib npaug hauv qab), thiab cais cov kua kom tsuas yog cov khoom ntxhua xwb.

   

   Kauj Ruam 7. Qhuav cov khoom ntxuav

   Kev ziab zaum kawg ntawm qhov me me ntawm cov khoom lag luam tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev nyem cov nplais ntawm ob daim lim ntawv thiab ziab lawv ntawm lub iav saib.

   Lub tswv yim

   • Yog tias siv cov kuab tshuaj tsawg dhau, crystallization yuav tshwm sim sai heev thaum cov tshuaj tau txias. Yog tias crystallization nrawm dhau, cov khoom tsis huv tuaj yeem raug ntxig rau hauv cov siv lead ua, yog li lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua kom huv los ntawm crystallization tsis ua tiav. Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog siv cov kuab tshuaj ntau dhau, crystallization yuav tsis tshwm sim txhua. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj yog tias koj ntxiv cov kuab tshuaj me ntsis ntxiv thaum nws saturated ntawm qhov kub npau npau. Nrhiav kom tau qhov sib npaug yog siv.
   • Thaum sim nrhiav cov kuab tshuaj zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm ntau qhov kev sim, pib nrog qis dua thiab cov kuab tshuaj ntau ntxiv ua ntej, vim lawv yooj yim dua cais.
   • Tej zaum cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tos kom cov kua kub txias kom maj mam thiab tso cov nplais rau. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau ua siab ntev thiab tsis txhob kov cov tshuaj kom txias.
   • Yog tias muaj cov kuab tshuaj ntau dhau ntxiv kom muaj tsawg heev cov nplais tau tsim, ua kom qee qhov hnyav los ntawm cua sov thiab rov ua kom txias dua.