Txawm hais tias ntau tus neeg hais lus Dutch paub lus txawv teb chaws (tshwj xeeb yog Askiv, German thiab Fab Kis), kev kawm lawv cov lus niam yuav ua rau koj nkag siab lub siab, lub siab thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg hais lus Dutch no, ob leeg hauv Netherlands nws tus kheej thiab hauv ntiaj teb.. Dutch tsis yog hom lus yooj yim kawm vim nws muaj ntau lub suab thiab cov ntawv uas tsis zoo ib yam li lus Askiv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev sib tw no ua rau koj cov uas xav ua tus paub lus Dutch tau txais txiaj ntsig thiab txiaj ntsig ntau. Pib kawm Dutch nrog qib 1 hauv qab no.
Kauj ruam
Ntu 1 ntawm 3: Kawm Dutch
Kauj Ruam 1. Kawm Dutch
Sim zaum ze cov khau ntoo, txawm tias nyob hauv Netherlands, nws suav tias yog kev paub dhau los. Nyob ib puag ncig koj tus kheej nrog cov khoom Dutch zoo tuaj yeem pab koj kom paub txog kab lis kev cai. Yog li, sim txhim kho qhov zoo nkauj Dutch kho kom zoo nkauj hauv koj chav. Hnav khaub ncaws Dutch zoo rau tsev kawm ntawv, lossis sim tham zoo li tub nyiag. Tsis quav ntsej cov neeg uas ua rau koj ntxhov siab. Cia peb hais tias lawv khib.
Kauj Ruam 2. Nkag siab tias cov lus Dutch tau tsim los li cas
Dutch tau muab cais ua lus West Germanic hais txog lwm yam lus hauv pawg no, suav nrog German, Askiv, thiab West Frisian.
- Dutch tau tsim los ntawm Kev Txhais Lus Franconian qis ntawm German tsawg. Txawm li cas los xij, niaj hnub Dutch tau sib cais los ntawm nws keeb kwm German, yog li cov lus Dutch no tsis tau hloov pauv hauv cov ntawv German siab thiab tsis siv umlaut (cov nyuv dua vowels) ua cov cim cim.
- Ib qho ntxiv, Dutch tau tso tseg ntau dua lossis tsawg dua nws cov kab lus qub thiab txhim kho nws cov ntawv lo lus.
- Ntawm qhov tod tes, Cov lus Dutch feem ntau yog los ntawm German (tab sis Dutch muaj ntau Lo Lus Lo Lus Nyiam) thiab siv tib lo lus xaj hauv kab lus (SPO hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab SOP hauv nqe lus qis).
Kauj Ruam 3. Paub qhov twg Dutch tau hais lus
Dutch tau siv los ua thawj hom lus los ntawm kwv yees li 20 lab tus tib neeg, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Netherlands thiab Belgium. Dutch tau siv ua hom lus thib ob los ntawm kwv yees li 5 lab lwm tus neeg.
- Ntxiv rau Dutch thiab Belgian, Dutch kuj tau hais nyob rau sab qaum teb Fab Kis, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Suriname thiab Indonesia, thiab yog hom lus hais ntawm Caribbean Island ntawm Netherlands Antilles.
- Cov lus Dutch hais hauv Belgium yog hu ua Flemish. Flemish sib txawv los ntawm tus qauv Dutch hauv ntau txoj hauv kev, suav nrog kev hais tawm, cov lus thiab cov lus piav qhia.
- Cov lus African-hais lus nyob hauv South Africa thiab Namibia los ntawm kwv yees li 10 lab tus tib neeg-yog hom lus ย่อย ntawm Dutch thiab ob hom lus zoo ib yam.
Kauj Ruam 4. Pib kawm los ntawm kev kawm cov tsiaj ntawv thiab lawv lub suab lus
Thaum koj pib kawm ib hom lus twg, kawm cov tsiaj ntawv yog qhov chaw zoo pib.
- A (Ah) B (chaw) C (hais) D (hnub) E (yog F (Eff) G (qha) H (hahhaa) Kuv (ee) J (yaj) K (qha) L (ell) M (awm) N (enn) O (huag) P (them) Q (kev) R (dej) S (yog) T (tig) U (aws) V (feeb) W (yav) X (eeks) Y (ee-grek) cov Z (zej).
- Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev hais tawm tiag, Dutch muaj ntau lub suab hais lus uas tsis siv ua lus Askiv ua rau nws nyuaj kawm. Cov ntawv uas tau tshaj tawm zoo ib yam hauv Dutch thiab Lus Askiv yog cov ntawv sib txuas s, f, h, b, d, z, l, m,, ng. Tsab ntawv p, t, thiab k tsim tib txoj kev, tab sis lawv tsis hais nrog lub suab 'h' (tsis muaj cua tshuab thaum tshaj tawm lawv).
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Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los kawm paub yuav ua li cas hais txog qee lub suab txawv txawv thiab tsis txaus ntseeg yog mloog lawv ntau thiab ntau dua. Cov txheej txheem hauv qab no tsis yog tag nrho, tab sis nws tuaj yeem pab koj pib:
- Vowel: a (nyeem zoo li "ah" hauv "calm", tab sis luv dua), e (nyeem zoo li "uh" hauv "txaj"), kuv (nyeem zoo li "ih" hauv "bit"), o (nyeem zoo li "aw" hauv "paw", tab sis nrog daim di ncauj sib npaug), o (nyeem zoo li "oo" hauv "ib yam" tab sis luv dua), ua (nyeem zoo li "u" hauv "chim siab", lossis "ir" hauv "av") thiab y (nyeem zoo li "i" hauv "tus pin" lossis "ee" hauv "tob", tab sis luv dua).
- Consonants: Qee lub suab lus uas tau nyeem sib txawv heev hauv Dutch yog ch, sch ua thiab g txhua yam uas ua rau lub suab nrov nrov nyob hauv qab ntawm lub caj pas (zoo ib yam li "ch" hauv Scottish "loch"). r hauv Dutch nws tuaj yeem rub tawm lossis hais tawm hauv lub suab nrov, thaum j hais zoo li "y" hauv "yog".
Kauj Ruam 5. Nkag siab txog hom npe (poj niam txiv neej) hauv Dutch
Cov lus Dutch cais nws cov npe ua ib ntawm ob hom - tsis tu ncua (lo lus de) lossis nruab nrab (kata het). Dutch tsis nyuaj dua li German, uas muaj peb hom npe.
- Nws nyuaj rau kwv yees tias poj niam txiv neej lo lus twg tsuas yog los ntawm nws qhov tsos. Yog li, nws zoo dua los nco txog poj niam txiv neej ntawm qee cov lus thaum koj kawm lawv.
- Cov poj niam txiv neej ib txwm yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm txiv neej thiab poj niam uas tsis siv lawm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, yuav luag 2/3 ntawm txhua lub npe poob rau hauv kev sib deev tsis tu ncua.
- Yog li ntawd, koj yuav tsum tau kawm tag nrho cov npe nruab nrab, yog li koj tuaj yeem ntseeg tau tias qee cov npe koj tsis tau kawm yog poj niam txiv neej sib txawv.
- Koj tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov npe nruab nrab los ntawm kev kawm ntau txoj cai. Piv txwv li, txhua lub npe me me (uas xaus rau hauv yog) thiab txhua qhov infinitives siv los ua cov npe feem ntau yog nruab nrab. Qhov no tseem siv rau cov lus xaus hauv - um, - aw, - cov thiab - kev ntseeg, thiab rau feem ntau cov lus pib nrog ge-, ua- thiab ver-. Cov lus rau xim, taw qhia, thiab hlau ib txwm nyob nruab nrab.
Kauj Ruam 6. Kawm qee yam ntawm cov lus qhia tam sim no
Thaum koj tab tom kawm lus Dutch, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov qee qhov nquag siv cov lus qhia tam sim no vim tias lawv xav tau los pib ua kab lus.
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Zijn:
Tam sim no tense ntawm "yuav tsum", nyeem "zayn".
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Ikben:
Kuv (hais "ik ben")
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Yog/bent:
Koj (hais tias "yay / ew bent")
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Hij/zij/het yog:
Nws (txiv neej, poj niam, yam) (hais quav nyab/zay/ut yog)
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Wijzijn:
Peb (tshaj tawm "vay zayn")
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Jullie hais tias:
Koj (hais tawm "yew-lee zayn")
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xim xim:
Lawv (tshaj tawm "zay zayn")
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Hebben:
Lub sijhawm tam sim no ntawm "kom muaj" yog nyeem "heh-buhn".
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Ib yam:
Kuv muaj (tshaj tawm "ik hep")
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Yog/zoo heev:
Koj muaj (tshaj tawm "yay/ew hept")
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Hij/zij/heft heft:
Nws (txiv neej, poj niam, yam) muaj (hais tawm "quav nyab/zay/ut hayft")
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Wij Hebben: 3 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk!
Peb muaj (tshaj tawm vay heh-buhn )
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Julie Hebben: 3 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk!
Koj muaj (tshaj tawm tias "yew-lee heh-buhn")
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Zib ntab:
Lawv muaj (tshaj tawm "zay heh-buhn")
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Ntu 2 ntawm 3: Kawm Cov Lus Yooj Yim thiab Kab Lus
Kauj Ruam 1. Kawm paub suav
Suav yog qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb kom muaj nyob hauv ib hom lus, yog li pib kawm tus lej ib txog rau nees nkaum hauv Dutch.
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Een:
Ib (hais tawm "ain")
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Tweets:
Ob (tshaj tawm "tway")
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Qhuav:
Peb (tshaj tawm "dree")
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Vier:
Plaub (tshaj tawm "veer")
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Vijf:
Tsib (tshaj tawm "vayf")
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Zes:
Rau (tshaj tawm "zehs")
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Zeven:
Xya (tshaj tawm "zay-vuhn")
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Acht:
Yim (tshaj tawm "ahgt")
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Negen:
Cuaj (hais "nay-guhn")
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Tien:
Kaum (hais "hluas")
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elves:
Kaum ib (hais tawm "elf")
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Twaalf:
Kaum ob (hais tawm "twahlf")
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Dertien:
Kaum peb (hais "dehr-teen")
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Veertien:
Kaum plaub (hais "vayr-teen")
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Vijftien:
Kaum tsib (hais tawm "vayf-teen")
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Zestien:
Kaum rau (hais tawm "zehs-teen")
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Zeventien:
Kaum xya (hais tawm "zay-vuhn-teen")
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Achttien:
Kaum yim (hais tawm "ahgt-teen")
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Negentien:
Kaum yim (hais tawm "nay-guhn-teen")
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Twintig:
Nees nkaum (tshaj tawm "ntxaib-tuhg")
Kauj Ruam 2. Kawm cov npe ntawm hnub ntawm lub lim tiam thiab lub hli ntawm lub xyoo
Qee cov lus muaj txiaj ntsig kom pib nrog yog cov npe ntawm hnub ntawm lub lim tiam thiab hli ntawm lub xyoo.
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Lub npe hnub ntawm lub lim tiam:
- Hnub Monday = Maandag (nyeem "mahn-dahg")
- Tuesday = Dinsdag (nyeem "dinss-dahg")
- Wednesday = Woensdag (nyeem "woons-dahg")
- Hnub Thursday = Donderdag (nyeem "don-duhr-dahg")
- Hnub Friday = Vrijdag (nyeem "vray-dahg")
- Hnub Saturday = Zaterdag (hais "zah-tuhr-dahg")
- Hnub Sunday = Zondag (hais "zon-dahg")
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Lub npe ntawm lub xyoo:
- Lub Ib Hlis = Lub Ib Hlis (tshaj tawm "jahn-uu-ar-ree"),
- Lub Ob Hlis = Lub Ob Hlis (hais tawm "fay-bruu-ah-ree"),
- Peb Hlis = Maart (hais tawm "mahrt"),
- Plaub Hlis = Plaub Hlis (nyeem "ah-pril"),
- Tej zaum = Tej zaum (hais "yuav"),
- Lub rau hli ntuj = Lub Rau Hli (pronounced "yuu-nee"),
- july = np Lub Xya Hli (hais tawm "yuu-lee"),
- Lub yim hli ntuj = Augustus (pronounced "ow-ghus-tus"),
- Cuaj hlis = Cuaj hlis (tshaj tawm "sep-tem-buhr"),
- Lub kaum hli ntuj = Lub kaum hli ntuj (hais "ock-tow-buhr"),
- Kaum Ib Hlis = Kaum Ib Hlis (hais tawm "tsis-vem-buhr"),
- Hlis ntuj nqeg = Hlis ntuj nqeg (tshaj tawm "hnub-sem-buhr").
Kauj Ruam 3. Kawm cov npe ntawm cov xim
Kawm cov lus Dutch rau cov xim sib txawv yog txoj hauv kev zoo los txhim kho koj cov lus piav qhia.
- liab = roob (hais tau "rowt")
- Txiv kab ntxwv = txiv kab ntxwv (nyeem "oh-rahn-yuh")
- Daj = gel (hais "ghayl")
- Ntsuab = groen (hais "ghroon")
- Xiav = blauv (pronounced "blaw")
- Ntshav = cais (hais "pahrs") lossis purper (hais tawm "puhr-puhr")
- liab = rooj (pronounced "row-zah")
- Dawb = ntse (nyeem "whit")
- Dub = zwart ua (pronounced "zwahrt")
- Khoom qab zib = qog (hais "bruyn")
- Tshauv = grijs ua (hais "grey")
- Nyiaj = zib (hais "zil-fer")
- Kub = suab nrov (nyeem "howt")
Kauj Ruam 4. Kawm qee cov lus muaj txiaj ntsig
Ntxiv qee lo lus tseem ceeb rau koj cov lus yog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho koj li txuj ci kev hais lus Dutch.
- nyob zoo = Nyob zoo (nyeem "hah-low")
- Nyob zoo = tot zej (nyeem "toht pom")
- Thov = Alstulief (hais tawm "ahl-stuu-bleeft")
- Ua tsaug = Dank koj zoo (raug cai, hais tawm "dahnk-ew-vehl") lossis nyob zoo os (tsis raug, nyeem "dahnk-yuh-vehl")
- Yog = Yog (nyeem "yog")
- Tsis yog = Neeg (nyeem "tsis yog")
- Pab = Pab (read "hehlp")
- Tam sim no = Nu (read "nuj")
- Tom qab ntawd = Tom qab (nyeem "lah-tuhr")
- Hnub no = Vandaag (hais "vahn-dahg")
- Tag kis = Morgen (tshaj tawm "ntau-ghun")
- Sab laug = Txuas (nyeem "txuas")
- Txoj cai = Rechts (nyeem "reghts")
- Ncaj nraim ua ntej = Rechtdoor (hais "regh-dore")
Kauj Ruam 5. Kawm qee nqe lus muaj txiaj ntsig
Tam sim no, nws yog lub sijhawm rau koj txuas ntxiv kawm cov kab lus niaj hnub uas tuaj yeem pab koj ua cov kev sib raug zoo hauv zej zog.
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Koj nyob li cas? = Koj nyob qhov twg?
(raug cai, hais tawm "hoo mahkt uu hut") lossis Hlo gaat het?
(tsis raug, nyeem "hoo gaht tsev?")
- Ok, ua tsaug = Goed, tau u (raug cai, nyeem "goot dahnk uu") lossis Goed, dank kuv (nyeem "goot dahnk yuh")
- Zoo siab tau ntsib koj = Thov pab txhawb nqa (nyeem "ahn-guh-nahm keh-nis tuh mah-kun")
- Kuv hais tsis tau lus Dutch zoo = Ik spreek niet goed Nederlands (nyeem "ick sprayk neet goot nay-dur-lahnts)
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Koj puas paub lus Askiv? = Koj puas paub Engels?
(nyeem "spraykt uu eng-uls")
- Kuv tsis nkag siab = Kuv thov txim ntau (nyeem "ick buh-grayp hut neet")
- koj nyob nraum zoo = Siab phem (nyeem "grahg guh-dahn")
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Nws raug nqi npaum li cas? = Hoeveel boarding dit?
(nyeem "hoo-vale kost dit")
Ntu 3 ntawm 3: Txhim Kho Koj Li Dutch
Kauj Ruam 1. Nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv kawm Dutch
Mus rau koj lub tsev qiv ntawv hauv zos, khw muag ntawv lossis khw online kom paub seb phau ntawv twg muaj nyob ntawd. Cov tuam txhab luam ntawv xws li Assimil, Berlitz, Qhia Koj Tus Kheej, Hugo, Pimsluer, Michael Thomas, Rosetta Stone, thiab Lonely Planet feem ntau muaj phau ntawv, khoom siv suab, thiab khoos phis tawj ua lus Askiv thiab Dutch.
- Koj kuj tseem tuaj yeem nrhiav tsev kawm ob hom lus zoo - ib qho ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus Dutch zoo tshaj yog luam tawm los ntawm Van Dale thiab muaj nyob hauv cov lus ua ke: Dutch - Askiv, Dutch - Pranics, Dutch - Spanish, thiab lwm yam.
- Raws li koj cov txuj ci Dutch tsim, koj yuav tsum nrhiav lub tsev qiv ntawv lus Dutch uas muaj cov menyuam phau ntawv (yuav pib nrog), cov lus sib dhos phau ntawv, phau ntawv tsis yog dab neeg, dab neeg tshiab, ntawv xov xwm, thiab lwm yam. Kev nyeem ntawv yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj los txhim kho koj cov txuj ci lus, nws tseem ua rau koj cov lus Dutch paub zoo heev. Thaum koj tau mus txog lub ntsiab lus no, koj yuav tsum tau saib rau Dutch - Dutch phau ntawv txhais lus lossis phau ntawv txhais lus encyclopedia.
Kauj Ruam 2. Mloog Dutch ntau li ntau tau
Qhov no tuaj yeem nyuaj heev yog tias koj tsis paub Dutch lossis nyob hauv tebchaws Dutch hais lus, tab sis koj tuaj yeem pib los ntawm kev mus rau Youtube thiab lwm yam khoom siv suab, thiab sim mloog cov lus Dutch. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas koj nkag siab cov lus - mloog seb cov lus tau hais li cas, yuav ua li cas nkag siab qhov uas tau hais, thiab yuav hais cov lus li cas.
Kauj Ruam 3. Nkag mus kawm Dutch lossis nrhiav tus kws qhia Dutch
Yog tias thaj chaw uas koj nyob muaj Dutch thiab Belgian kab lis kev cai chaw, thiab/lossis muaj cov zej zog hais lus Dutch, nug qhov twg koj tuaj yeem kawm lus lossis nrhiav tus kws qhia tshwj xeeb.
Cov kev kawm zoo nrog cov neeg hais lus ib txwm tuaj yeem txhim kho koj cov lus, nrog rau qhia koj cov ntsiab lus ntawm kab lis kev cai uas phau ntawv tsis tuaj yeem ua
Kauj Ruam 4. Hais lus Dutch nrog cov neeg hais lus Dutch
Xyaum ua kom koj cov txuj ci zoo dua. Tsis txhob ntshai yog tias koj ua yuam kev, vim qhov ntawd yog qhov koj yuav tsum kawm.
- Yog tias tus neeg hais lus Dutch teb koj ua lus Askiv, hais lus Dutch ntxiv. Pib nrog ob peb lo lus, tom qab ntawd hais lawv me ntsis.
- Txhawm rau siv koj li txuj ci Dutch, pib los ntawm kev sim hloov koj lub khoos phis tawj thiab chaw sib tham hauv xov tooj cua (Twitter, Facebook, thiab lwm yam) rau Dutch. Koj yuav tsum tau siv los nyob ib puag ncig cov lus kom koj ib txwm xav txog nws.
Kauj Ruam 5. Mus rau lub tebchaws uas hais lus Dutch thiab "raus dej" koj tus kheej
Dutch tsis zoo li tau hais los yog kawm raws li lus German, Nyij Pooj, lossis Spanish, yog li koj tuaj yeem tawm tsam txhawm rau txhim kho koj cov txuj ci yam tsis tau ncaj qha mus rau lub tebchaws hais lus Dutch. Ob lub tebchaws Netherlands thiab Flanders muab cov kev pabcuam sib pauv kev coj noj coj ua thiab siv cov lus Dutch zoo rau cov neeg txawv tebchaws ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab, tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev ntiav.
Kauj Ruam 6. Qhib koj lub siab
Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj rau nqus lwm yam lus thiab kab lis kev cai yog qhib txhua qhov koj xav hauv nws.
- Txhawm rau hais lus Dutch zoo, koj yuav tsum xav zoo li Dutch thiab ua Dutch. Tsis tas li, tsis txhob cia cov clichés koj kawm txog cov neeg hais lus Dutch kav koj txoj kev cia siab, kev xav thiab kev xav thaum koj mus rau lub tebchaws uas hais lus Dutch.
- Nws tsis yog tulips, tshuaj maj, txhaws, cheese, tsheb kauj vab, Van Gogh, thiab kev ywj pheej.
Tswv yim
- Cov Dutch thiab Flemish muaj cov zej zog diasporic hauv ntau lub tebchaws suav nrog Canada, Australia, New Zealand, UK, Asmeskas, Fabkis, Caribbean, Chile, Brazil, South Africa, Indonesia, Qaib Cov Txwv thiab Nyij Pooj - ntau tus neeg koj tuaj yeem xyaum nrog!
- Dutch tau muab ntau lo lus rau lus Askiv, xws li geek, pob txha, tulip, ncuav qab zib, ncuav qab zib, brandy, ahoy, buoy, skipper, keelhauling, yacht, xyaum, sloop, cruiser, keel, twj tso kua mis, dock, thiab lawj. Ntau ntawm cov lus no cuam tshuam txog kev ua haujlwm hauv hiav txwv thiab cov keeb kwm uas tau tso tseg los ntawm Dutch uas muaj keeb kwm ntawm kev ua rog rog.
- Yog tias koj li kev paub lus Askiv zoo, koj tuaj yeem saib yeeb yaj kiab TV nto moo Tien voor Taal qhov twg pab pawg Dutch ua si Flemish hauv Dutch ua si xws li los ntawm kev sau cov ntawv xeem mus rau kev sau zais cia.
- Flemish (Vlaams) yog hom lus Belgian ntawm cov neeg hais lus Dutch hu ua Flanders, tab sis tsis yog hom lus cais los ntawm Dutch. Ob leeg Dutch thiab Flemings nyeem, hais lus thiab sau tib hom lus, tab sis muaj qhov sib txawv me me ntawm cov lus, hais lus, sau ntawv, sau ntawv, zoo ib yam li Asmeskas Askiv vs Canadian Lus Askiv.
- Ib tus neeg hais lus Dutch nto moo tshaj plaws yog tus ua yeeb yam hu ua Audrey Hepburn (1929-1993). Nws loj hlob hauv tebchaws Netherlands thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, thiab nws thawj zaj yeeb yaj kiab tau tshwm sim xyoo 1948 muaj cai Nederlands hauv Zeven Lessen (Dutch hauv Xya Zaj Lus Qhia).
- Dutch yog lus German sab hnub poob uas cuam tshuam nrog Afrikaans thiab German qis, thiab cuam tshuam nrog Frisian, Askiv, German siab, thiab Yiddish.
- Dutch yog hom lus ntawm tebchaws Netherlands, Belgium, Suriame, Aruba, Curaçao thiab Saint Maarten, peb lub tuam txhab thoob ntiaj teb suav nrog European Union, Benelux, thiab Union of South American Nations, thiab yog cov lus haiv neeg tsawg nyob rau sab qaum teb Fabkis (Fabkis Flanders)).
Ua tib zoo mloog
- Nco ntsoov tias koj yuav tsum siv daim ntawv faus neeg zoo nyob hauv Flanders ntau dua li Netherlands, qhov uas nws ib txwm siv los hais rau tus neeg laus. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj tseem tab tom kawm, nws zoo tshaj yog tias koj ua raws li daim ntawv coj ua, thiab tsis txhob ua phem rau lwm tus.
- Tsis txhob poob siab yog thawj tus neeg hais lus Dutch tau teb koj ua lus Askiv thaum koj sim hais lus Dutch rau lawv. Tus neeg hais lus yuav xav kom paub tseeb tias koj nkag siab lawv yam tsis muaj teeb meem kev sib txuas lus. Tsis txhob hnov qab tias lawv txaus siab rau koj tiag tiag vim tias koj xav kawm lawv cov lus.
