Rau cov ntawm koj uas nyob hauv kev kawm raug cai, sau cov ntawv tshawb fawb lossis cov ntawv tshaj qhia kev kawm feem ntau yuav yog yam haujlwm uas tsis tuaj yeem zam tau. Yog tias koj tsis muaj kev paub dhau los ntawm kev sau txuj tshawb fawb, tsis txhob txhawj xeeb vim qhov tseeb, ua tub rog nrog lub peev xwm los tswj lub sijhawm zoo, cov txheej txheem sau ntawv yuav ua haujlwm yam tsis ntseeg. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm muaj tseeb tiag, nco ntsoov tias koj tseem ua koj cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej txiav txim siab txog cov ncauj lus, nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv ntseeg siab, thiab ua nqe lus thesis. Tom qab ntawd, piav qhia daim ntawv tshaj tawm thiab pib sau thawj daim qauv ntawm koj cov ntawv tshawb fawb. Thaum daim ntawv tshaj tawm tiav, siv sijhawm ntau li ntau tau los kho, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li kev kho yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws!
Kauj ruam
Ntu 1 ntawm 3: Tshawb Nrhiav Lub Xeem
Kauj Ruam 1. Ua qhov kev tshawb fawb tob tob kom nqes cov lus tshawb fawb
Thaum ua koj qhov kev tshawb fawb, tsom mus rau ua cov ncauj lus lossis cov ncauj lus tshawb fawb ntau dua thiab tshwj xeeb. Txhua tus neeg yuav pom tias nws nyuaj rau los nrog kev sib cav los tiv thaiv cov ncauj lus uas dav heev. Yog li ntawd, nqaim qhov kev tsom mus rau kev tshawb fawb kom yooj yim rau koj los nthuav tawm qhov kev sib cav, nrog rau tiv thaiv nws nrog ntau qhov pov thawj tau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb tob. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nkag siab tias muaj ib txwm muaj peev xwm thim deb ntawm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau theem kev tshawb fawb ntxov. Yog tias koj ntsib qhov xwm txheej no, rov nyeem dua cov lus qhia ua haujlwm los ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv kom coj koj tus kheej rov qab los.
Piv txwv li, txheej txheem sau ntawv tuaj yeem pib nrog cov ncauj lus dav dav, xws li kev kos duab Askiv zoo nkauj. Tom qab ntawd, raws li kev tshawb fawb zuj zus, cov ncauj lus tuaj yeem nqaim mus rau qhov kos duab ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj cov tais diav Askiv. Thaum kawg, cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem raug nqaim ntxiv los ntawm kev tsom mus rau tsuas yog ib tus kws tais diav uas tau tshawb pom txoj hauv kev tshiab los tsim cov tais diav zoo nkauj thiab cov tais diav los ntawm cov tais diav hauv xyoo 1780
Tswv yim:
Yog tias koj xav tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, koj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau cais nws cov ntsiab lus, thiab piav qhia tias tus kws sau ntawv siv cov ntsiab lus no los ua nws li cas.
Kauj Ruam 2. Saib kom ntseeg tau cov ntaub ntawv online thiab offline
Yog tias tsab ntawv tshawb fawb tau ua rau lub hom phiaj kev kawm, sim nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm tus txheej txheem kawm thiab phau ntawv qhia los ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv. Tshwj xeeb, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav pom cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj txaus ntseeg hauv phau ntawv, kab lus, thiab cov ntawv tshawb fawb yav dhau los ntawm cov ncauj lus zoo sib xws. Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no hauv koj lub tsev kawm ntawv lossis tsev kawm ntawv tsev qiv ntawv. Tom qab ntawd, zoo li taug qab txoj hauv kev thiab cov lus qhia ntawm daim ntawv qhia khoom muaj nqis, nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv siv los ntawm cov peev txheej no los ua cov peev txheej tshawb fawb ntxiv.
- Qee qhov piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb pom zoo thiab ntseeg tau lossis cov peev txheej yog cov ntawv xov xwm (tshwj xeeb yog cov uas tau siv los ua lwm tus neeg sau), tsoomfwv lub vev xaib, tshawb fawb tshawb fawb qhia, thiab xov xwm los ntawm kev ntseeg siab. Tsis muaj teeb meem qhov kev tshawb fawb twg koj siv, tsis txhob hnov qab txheeb xyuas hnub tshaj tawm kom paub tseeb tias cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog hnub tim.
- Ntsuas lwm tus kws sau ntawv txoj hauv kev thaum tham txog koj lub ncauj lus. Txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ua pov thawj lossis lwm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb muaj txiaj ntsig uas tseem nce cov ncauj lus zoo sib xws, tom qab ntawd tseem nrhiav kev sib cav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb cuam tshuam nrog lub ncauj lus kom nrhiav cov tog neeg uas tuaj yeem muab cov pov thawj muaj zog tshaj plaws.
- Feem ntau yuav yog, koj yuav tsum suav nrog cov ntawv sau keeb kwm thiab/lossis kev hais tawm qhov kawg ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm. Yog li ntawd, khaws thiab tswj hwm txhua qhov peev txheej uas koj siv kom zoo. Tsim cov npe kev cai ntawm txhua tus neeg ua tim khawv siv hom ntawv thov los ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv, xws li MLA lossis Chicago), tom qab ntawd suav nrog ob rau peb kab lus piav qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv ua pov thawj hauv txhua qhov chaw.
Kauj Ruam 3. Tsim thawj nqe lus thesis
Thaum tshawb fawb lub ncauj lus, sim tsim cov lus thesis, lossis kab lus luv luv uas hais txog koj lub ntsiab lus sib cav. Nco ntsoov, nqe lus thesis tsis yog ua los qhia qhov kev xav xwb, tab sis ua kom muaj qhov tshwj xeeb thiab tiv thaiv kev thov. Txawm hais tias nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv me ntsis hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov txheej txheem sau ntawv, qhov tseem ceeb, nqe lus thesis yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov qauv ntawm koj cov ntawv tshawb fawb.
- Xav txog tias koj yog kws lij choj uas yuav nthuav tawm rooj plaub hauv tsev hais plaub, nrog tus nyeem koj daim ntawv tshaj tawm ua tus txiav txim plaub ntug. Cov ntaub ntawv thesis yog koj kab lus qhib, uas yuav tsum tau ua raws los ntawm cov pov thawj muaj zog kom koj tuaj yeem ntseeg tus kws txiav txim plaub ntug thiab yeej rooj plaub.
- Daim ntawv thesis zoo yuav tsum yog tshwj xeeb, xws li, "Josiah Spode kev kho kom zoo ntawm cov pob txha suav cov mis tso cai rau kev tsim khoom ntau ntawm cov khoom siv tais diav hloov pauv, ua kom nthuav dav thoob ntiaj teb kev lag luam rau British cov tais diav."
Ntu 2 ntawm 3: Kev Sau Ntawv Sau Ntawv
Kauj Ruam 1. Tsim kom muaj kev tshawb fawb los qhia txog cov qauv ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm
Txhawm rau ua tus qauv kom zoo dua qub thiab siv tau yooj yim raws li phau ntawv sau, siv cov lej uas siv tus lej Roman (I., II., III., Thiab lwm yam), cov ntawv, lossis cov ntsiab lus me me. Pib tus txheej txheem los ntawm kev sau cov ntsiab lus ntawm tshooj lus qhia ua ntej los ntawm nqe lus thesis. Tom qab ntawd, suav tag nrho cov pov thawj uas yuav siv los txhawb koj qhov kev sib cav raws li nqe lus thesis. Tom qab ntawd, suav nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm tshooj lus tseem ceeb thiab tshooj lus xaus kom ua tiav txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb.
- Raws li lub npe cuam tshuam, txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb yog lub hauv paus rau koj daim ntawv tshaj tawm. Nrog rau txoj kev tshawb fawb, txhua yam koj yuav tsum tau ua tom qab ntawd yog sau cov ntsiab lus uas tsis muaj dab tsi los ua kom daim ntawv tshaj tawm ua tiav thiab ua tiav.
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Txhawm rau ua kom yooj yim cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau cov neeg ua tim khawv tom kawg ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm, suav nrog cov neeg ua pov thawj qhov kawg ntawm txhua cov ntaub ntawv hauv kev tshawb fawb, xws li:
III. Spode tiv thaiv Wedgewood hais txog Kev Loj Hlob
A. Spode: Txhim kho cov qauv tshuaj kom nrawm tsim thiab faib cov txheej txheem (Travis, 2002, 43)
B. Wedgewood: Kev tsom mus rau cov khoom lag luam khoom kim heev nrog cov neeg siv khoom nruab nrab hauv nruab nrab; txo cov peev xwm rau kev tsim khoom loj (Himmelweit, 2001, 71)
C. Yog li: Ntoo ntoo, zoo ib yam rau Spode, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam kev nthuav dav ntawm cov tais diav ntim khoom lag luam.
Kauj Ruam 2. Qhia koj qhov thesis thiab kev sib cav hauv tshooj lus pib
Pib cov lus qhia nrog kab lus uas tuaj yeem nthuav qhia lub ncauj lus zoo li nyiam mloog tus nyeem ntawv. Tom qab ntawd hais qhia koj qhov kev tshawb fawb thesis kom tus nyeem ntawv paub qhov twg koj sawv ntawm lub ncauj lus. Tom qab ntawd, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum hais txog ntau hom pov thawj uas yuav siv los txhawb kev xaiv txoj haujlwm.
- Piv txwv li, koj cov lus qhib yuav hais tias, "Txawm hais tias nws tsis suav hais tias yog hnub no tseem ceeb, cov kws tsim cov tais diav hauv tebchaws Askiv nyob rau xyoo 18th thiab 19th tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tiav ntawm Kev Lag Luam Hauv Tebchaws Askiv."
- Tom qab xa koj daim ntawv thesis, nthuav tawm ntau qhov pov thawj los txhawb koj cov ntawv thesis, xws li: "Kev tshuaj xyuas txhua yam ntawm Spode qhov kev tsim khoom tshiab thiab kev faib khoom yuav qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Spode txoj kev koom tes rau Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam thiab rau lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam ntawm qhov loj dua."
Tswv yim:
Qee tus neeg nyiam sau cov tshooj lus qhia ua ntej, thiab tom qab ntawd siv cov ntaub ntawv ntawd los tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, kuj tseem muaj cov neeg uas xav sau tshooj tseem ceeb ua ntej sau tshooj pib. Siv txoj hauv kev twg los ua haujlwm rau koj! Txawm hais tias koj txiav txim siab sau tshooj pib ua ntej, tsis txhob txhawj xeeb vim tias thaum kawg ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm, koj tuaj yeem hloov pauv ntu ntawd thiab/lossis hloov nws mus rau lwm cov ntawv.
Kauj Ruam 3. Tsim koj qhov kev sib cav hauv tshooj tseem ceeb lossis lub cev ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, teeb tsa cov ntsiab lus rau tus nyeem ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog tias lub ncauj lus raug tsa zoo li yog xim dub. Tom qab ntawd, kwv yees li peb txog tsib nqe lus, tsom mus rau kev piav qhia cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb lossis pov thawj uas txhawb nqa koj cov lus thesis. Nco ntsoov, txhua lub tswv yim lossis pov thawj yuav tsum tau sau rau hauv cov lus muaj txiaj ntsig, ua kab lus kom yooj yim rau tus nyeem ntawv ua raws. Hauv tsab ntawv tshaj tawm txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov tais diav lub luag haujlwm hauv kev ua tiav ntawm Kev Tsim Kho Kev Lag Luam Hauv Tebchaws Askiv, piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem piav qhia thawj hom khoom, txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov khoom lag luam, thiab kev lag luam cov khoom lag luam tau npaj rau lub sijhawm ntawd.
- Tom qab tsim cov ntsiab lus, siv nqe lus tshiab los piav qhia txog lub tuam txhab uas yog Josiah Spode thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub tuam txhab pab txhawb kev tsim khoom thiab faib cov tais diav hauv lub sijhawm ntawd.
- Tom qab ntawd, tham txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub tuam txhab kev txiav txim siab rau cov neeg siv khoom los ntawm cov neeg nruab nrab ntawm kev xav tau nce thiab faib cov tais diav hauv ntiaj teb kev lag luam.
- Tom qab ntawd, piav qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm Spode thiab nws cov neeg sib tw hauv kev lag luam cov tais diav, xws li Wedgewood, uas hais txog kev tsom mus rau cov neeg siv khoom los ntawm chav kawm aristocratic tsis yog hauv chav kawm nruab nrab.
- Tus naj npawb ntawm kab lus hauv tshooj tseem ceeb yog nyob ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm txoj haujlwm, suav nrog qhov ntev ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm, muab los ntawm koj tus kws qhia ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau, tshooj lus tseem ceeb tuaj yeem sau nrog peb txog tsib nqe lus.
Kauj Ruam 4. Tsis txhob tawm tsam cov lus tawm tswv yim los txhawb lub hauv paus ntawm koj qhov kev sib cav
Txawm hais tias tsis tas yuav tsim nyog, ua txhaum kev tawm tsam cov lus pom tuaj yeem ua rau koj qhov kev sib cav tshwm sim ntau ntxiv hauv kev pom ntawm tus nyeem ntawv. Yog tias koj txaus siab ua qhov ntawd, tom qab nthuav tawm tag nrho cov pov thawj los txhawb koj qhov kev sib cav, sim ua kom pom qhov kev xav uas cuam tshuam txog qhov kev sib cav. Tom qab ntawd, piav qhia qhov yuam kev ntawm qhov pom yog los qhia qhov zoo ntawm koj qhov kev sib cav.
- Yog tias koj xav siv txoj hauv kev no, xaiv qhov kev xav uas muaj zog raws li koj qhov kev sib cav, tsis yog ib qho uas tsis muaj zog thiab yooj yim rau tsis lees paub. Yog li, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsis lees paub cov kev xav yuav saib zoo dua hauv qhov muag ntawm cov neeg nyeem.
- Yog tias, piv txwv li, koj tab tom sib cav txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntxiv cov tshuaj fluoride rau cov tshuaj txhuam hniav thiab dej haus, sim tham txog kev tshawb fawb uas hais txog qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm fluoride thiab tom qab ntawd piav qhia qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm txoj kev tshuaj ntsuam siv hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawd.
Kauj Ruam 5. Xaus koj qhov kev sib cav hauv tshooj kaw
Tshwj xeeb, cov qauv ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm tuaj yeem sib piv raws li txheej txheem ntawm "Xa cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav xa tom qab. Xa cov ntaub ntawv. Xa cov ntaub ntawv uas tau xa mus. " Qhov no txhais tau tias, tom qab ua tiav cov ntsiab lus ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom, ceeb toom rau tus nyeem ntawv txog thesis nqe lus teev tseg hauv cov lus qhia, nrog rau ntau yam kev sib cav uas koj siv los txhawb cov thesis.
- Kev sau cov lus sib cav tsis zoo ib yam li theej cov lus qhia nrog cov qauv sau ntawv sib txawv me ntsis. Hloov chaw, txhawm rau ua kom koj qhov xaus yooj yim rau tus nyeem ntawv kom nco qab, sim txheeb cov ntsiab lus thesis mus rau cov ncauj lus dav lossis ntsiab lus, txawm tias ze rau tus nyeem ntawv lub neej.
- Piv txwv li, yog tias koj lub ncauj lus yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev nyiam tebchaws hauv Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Kawg, sim xaus koj qhov kev sib cav los ntawm kev hais txog kev ntseeg haiv neeg uas tau rov tshwm sim hauv txoj cai txawv teb chaws tam sim no.
Ntu 3 ntawm 3: Rov Ntsuam Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb
Kauj Ruam 1. Ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom raug teeb tsa zoo thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv uas tsim nyog
Tom qab ua tiav daim ntawv sau thawj zaug, sim nyeem nws thiab tshuaj xyuas cov qauv. Tshwj xeeb, nco ntsoov tias txhua kab lus thiab kab lus zoo li muaj kua. Yog tias tsim nyog, koj tuaj yeem tshem tawm, ntxiv, lossis hloov qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kab lus kom ntseeg tau tias cov ntaub ntawv khiav tau zoo. Txawm hais tias nws xav tias tsis yooj yim, nkag siab tias txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov kho tsab ntawv ceeb toom yuav tsum ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo meej kiag li!
- Kuj siv sijhawm tam sim no kom ntseeg tau tias daim ntawv tshaj tawm uas koj tsim tau ua tau raws li txhua qhov kev xav tau muab.
- Nws yog lub tswv yim zoo los tso cov ntawv sau tseg rau ob peb teev lossis txawm tias hmo ntuj, yog tias koj muaj sijhawm txaus. Yog li, txheej txheem kho tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog lub qhov muag tshiab thiab lub siab meej dua.
Tswv yim:
Tsawg kawg, siv sijhawm ob lossis peb hnub los tshuaj xyuas tsab ntawv ceeb toom. Yog tias lub sijhawm txwv, koj yuav raug ntxias kom yooj yim luam theej tawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom thiab/lossis siv cov cuab yeej tshuaj xyuas txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho cov txheej txheem tshaj tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, sim tsis txhob ua li ntawd kom cov txheej txheem kev tshuaj xyuas txheej txheem tuaj yeem ua qhov tob dua.
Kauj Ruam 2. Tshem tawm cov lus, kab lus thiab kab lus uas tsis muaj txiaj ntsig
Ntxiv nrog rau kev txheeb xyuas tag nrho cov qauv ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm, ua tib zoo mloog cov lus siv kom ntseeg tau tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm ua rau tus neeg nyeem ntseeg tiag tiag. Tshwj xeeb, nco ntsoov tias koj tau siv ua haujlwm tsis yog kab lus passive, thiab koj tau siv cov ntsiab lus meej thiab meej.
- Kev siv cov kab lus tsis zoo, xws li "Lub qhov rooj tau qhib los ntawm kuv," ua rau lub suab tsis txaus ntseeg thiab sib cav. Ntawm qhov tod tes, siv cov kab lus nquag, xws li "Kuv tau qhib lub qhov rooj," yuav hais ntau dua thiab ntseeg tau.
- Nco ntsoov, txhua lo lus koj siv yuav tsum muaj lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Yog li ntawd, sim tsis txhob ntxiv cov lus, kab lus, lossis kab lus tsuas yog sau rau hauv qhov seem lossis ua kom cov ntawv tshaj tawm cov ntsiab lus zoo dua.
- Piv txwv li, "Tus sau siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm pathos txhawm rau nyiam qhov kev xav ntawm tus nyeem ntawv" qhov tseeb yog kab lus kom siv zoo dua "Tus kws sau siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm pathos ua rau tus nyeem ntawv uas nyeem kab lus ntau dua kev xav."
Kauj Ruam 3. Nyeem tsab ntawv ceeb toom kom ntseeg tau tias tsis muaj kev sau ntawv, sau ntawv, thiab sau ntawv tsis raug hauv nws
Tom qab hloov kho tus qauv thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm, tsom mus rau kev kho dua ib qho kev sau ntawv tsis raug thiab cov qauv kab lus tsis raug pom. Ib zaug ntxiv, sim tshem daim ntawv tshaj tawm ob peb teev ua ntej hloov kho nws kom koj tuaj yeem tshuaj xyuas daim ntawv tshaj tawm nrog qhov muag tshiab.
Nyeem tsab ntawv ceeb toom nrov nrov kom ntseeg tau tias txhua qhov ua yuam kev, ob qho me me thiab qhov loj, tuaj yeem tshawb pom yooj yim dua. Thaum ua li ntawd, xyuas kom meej tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm ntws zoo thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, hloov ib feem twg uas suab txawv txawv lossis txawv txav los nyeem
Kauj Ruam 4. Nug tus phooj ywg, txheeb ze, lossis tus kws qhia ntawv kom pab nyeem daim ntawv qhia ua ntej xa mus
Yog tias ua tau, sau npe kev pab ntawm ib lossis ob tus neeg los tshuaj xyuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm tsab ntawv sau tseg, kev muaj peev xwm ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm los yaum cov neeg nyeem, thiab qhov raug ntawm kev sau thiab sau ntawv raug. Feem ntau, tus neeg thib peb lub qhov muag tuaj yeem pab pom qhov ua yuam kev thiab/lossis tsis meej pem uas koj tau ploj lawm.
Qhov zoo tshaj, koj tsab ntawv ceeb toom yuav tsum tau nyeem los ntawm ob tus neeg uas paub zoo hauv nws thiab cov uas tsis tau hnov dua txog lub ncauj lus ntawm tes. Tshwj xeeb, cov nyeem uas nkag siab lub ncauj lus tuaj yeem pab koj ua tiav txhua yam uas yuav tsum tau ua, thaum cov nyeem uas tsis nkag siab lub ncauj lus tuaj yeem pab ua kom ntseeg tau tias koj li kev sau ntawv meej thiab nkag siab yooj yim
Lub tswv yim
- Txij li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb, piav qhia, sau, thiab hloov kho tsab ntawv ceeb toom muaj qhov sib npaug tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau tsab ntawv tshawb fawb, xyuas kom tseeb tias koj muaj peev xwm tswj hwm lub sijhawm zoo. Tshwj xeeb, tsis txhob siv txoj kev nrawm nrawm (SKS) ua txhua yam uas xav tau.
- Nco ntsoov, lub ncauj lus thiab nqe lus thesis uas koj xaiv yuav tsum yog yam tshwj xeeb.
