Koj yuav tau pom qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub hauv siab X-ray (lub hauv siab radiograph), lossis koj tseem yuav tau sim koj tus kheej. Koj puas tau xav paub yuav ua li cas thiaj li tau txais kev kuaj X-ray hauv siab? Thaum saib daim duab hluav taws xob, nco ntsoov tias nws yog 2-dimensional sawv cev ntawm 3-dimensional object. Qhov siab thiab dav ntawm txhua yam khoom zoo ib yam, tab sis koj yuav tsis tuaj yeem pom qhov tuab. Sab laug ntawm daim ntawv zaj duab xis qhia sab xis ntawm tus neeg mob lub cev, thiab hloov pauv. Cov huab cua zoo li dub, rog yog grey, cov nqaij mos thiab dej yog lub teeb ntxoov txho, thiab pob txha thiab hlau yog dawb. Cov ntaub so ntswg ntom ntom, cov xim zoo dua yuav nyob ntawm X-ray. Cov ntaub so ntswg yog daj ntseg opaque ntawm zaj duab xis, qhov tsawg dua cov ntaub so ntswg yog pob tshab thiab tsaus xim hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab.
Kauj ruam
Ntu 1 ntawm 2: Txheeb Xyuas Thawj Zaug
Kauj Ruam 1. Txheeb tus neeg mob lub npe
Ua ntej ua lwm yam, nco ntsoov tias koj pom qhov tshwm sim raug ntawm X-ray hauv siab. Qhov no zoo li pom tseeb, tab sis thaum koj muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab muaj kev nyuaj siab, koj yuav ploj qee qhov hauv paus. Kawm tsis raug X-ray hauv siab yog nkim sijhawm, thaum koj xav txuag lub sijhawm.
Kauj Ruam 2. Kawm tus neeg mob keeb kwm kev kho mob
Raws li koj tau npaj los nyeem cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kuaj x-ray, nco ntsoov tias koj muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntsig txog tus neeg mob, suav nrog lawv hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej, thiab lawv keeb kwm kev kho mob. Nco ntsoov sib piv nws nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm X-ray yav dhau los, yog tias muaj.
Kauj Ruam 3. Nyeem hnub xeem ntawv
Sau ntawv tshwj xeeb thaum sib piv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev xeem nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim yav dhau los (nco ntsoov xyuam xim rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xeem dhau los, yog tias muaj). Cov hnub xeem kaw tau muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev txhais cov txiaj ntsig.
Ntu 2 ntawm 2: Txheeb Xyuas Zaj Duab Xis Zoo
Kauj Ruam 1. Txheeb xyuas tias zaj duab xis raug nqus tag
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm X-ray hauv siab feem ntau yog ua thaum tus neeg mob nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm ua tsis taus pa hauv lub voj voog ua pa, ib yam mob uas nyob rau hauv layman lub ntsiab lus hu ua ua pa hauv. Qhov no muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm x-ray zaj duab xis. Thaum xoo hluav taws xob tau nqes los ntawm lub hauv ntej ntawm lub hauv siab tawm tsam cov yeeb yaj kiab, ib feem ntawm tus tav ze rau zaj duab xis yog sab nraub qaum, yog li nws yuav yog qhov pom ntau tshaj plaws. Koj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm pom tag nrho kaum lub nraub qaum yog tias zaj duab xis raug tua ua pa.
Yog tias koj pom pem hauv ntej 6 tus tav ib yam nkaus, qhov no txhais tau tias zaj duab xis yog tus qauv zoo heev
Kauj Ruam 2. Tshawb xyuas lub teeb pom kev zoo
Cov yeeb yaj kiab ntau dhau yuav tshwm sim tsaus dua li ib txwm, thiab ua rau thaj chaw ib leeg pom qhov muag plooj. Ua tib zoo saib xyuas ib feem ntawm lub cev nruab nrab ntawm lub vertebrae ntawm X-ray uas tau ua tiav.
- X-ray lub hauv siab qis tsis tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm tus nqaj qaum ntawm lub cev los ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub vertebrae.
- Cov yeeb yaj kiab yog qhov tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem pom tus nqaj qaum ntawm lub hauv siab.
- Cov yeeb yaj kiab ntau dhau qhia pom qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov nqaj qaum.
Kauj Ruam 3. Nrhiav cov cim ntawm kev sib hloov
Yog tias tus neeg mob tsis tau ua tiav ntawm X-ray, koj tuaj yeem pom kev sib hloov lossis sib tw hauv cov txiaj ntsig. Yog tias qhov no tshwm sim, mediastinum yuav zoo li txawv txav. Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav kev sib hloov los ntawm kev saib lub taub hau ntawm clavicular thiab thoracic qaum.
- Txheeb xyuas tias lub nraub qaum thoracic yog ncaj hauv txoj haujlwm nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub sternum thiab nruab nrab ntawm clavicular.
- Txheeb xyuas tias clavicular nyob ntawm qib ib yam.
Txheeb xyuas thiab Tso Npe X-Rays
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Nrhiav txoj haujlwm qhia. Qhov ntxiv uas yuav ua yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas txoj haujlwm ntawm X-ray thiab npaj kom raug. Txheeb xyuas txoj haujlwm qhia, uas tau luam tawm ntawm daim ntawv zaj duab xis. "L" txhais tau tias txoj haujlwm sab laug, thiab "R" txhais tau tias yog txoj haujlwm raug. "PA" txhais tau tias yog txoj haujlwm ua ntej (posteroanterior), thiab "AP" txhais tau hais tias sab nraub qaum (anteroposterior) txoj haujlwm, thiab lwm yam. Nco tseg tus neeg mob lub cev txoj haujlwm: supine (supine), upright (sawv ntsug ncaj), ib sab (sab), decubitus (lean). Txheeb xyuas thiab nco txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm X-ray hauv siab no.
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Kho txoj kab xoo hluav taws xob ntawm sab nraub qaum (PA) thiab sab nraub qaum. Xoo hluav taws xob hauv siab feem ntau muaj ntu PA thiab ntu ntu ntawm zaj duab xis, uas yuav nyeem ua ke. Teem cov yeeb yaj kiab kom lawv pom, zoo li tus neeg mob tau nyob ntawm koj xub ntiag, yog li ntawd sab xis ntawm tus neeg mob tau ntsib koj sab laug.
- Yog tias muaj cov yeeb yaj kiab qub, koj yuav tsum dai nws ua ke.
- Lub sij hawm "postroanterior" (PA) hais txog kev taw qhia txoj kab xoo hluav taws xob hla tus neeg mob lub cev los ntawm tom qab mus rau sab xub ntiag, piv txwv li los ntawm rov qab rau pem hauv ntej.
- Lub sij hawm "anteroposterior" (AP) hais txog kev taw qhia txoj kab xoo hluav taws xob hla tus neeg mob lub cev los ntawm anterior rau posterior, piv txwv li ntawm pem hauv ntej mus rau tom qab.
- Txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub hauv siab ntawm lub hauv siab nqa los ntawm sab laug ntawm tus neeg mob lub hauv siab tawm tsam cov khoom siv X-ray.
- Txoj hauj lwm oblique (qaij) siv lub kaum ntse ntse tig ntawm qhov pom ntawm ib sab xub ntiag saib thiab txoj haujlwm ib sab. Txoj hauj lwm no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau nrhiav qhov txhab thiab tshem tawm cov txheej txheem sib tshooj.
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Nkag siab txoj haujlwm ntawm X-ray AP. Qee zaum AP X-ray tau ua tiav, tab sis feem ntau tsuas yog hauv cov neeg mob uas mob hnyav heev uas lawv tsis tuaj yeem sawv ntsug ncaj qha rau PA X-ray. Feem ntau cov duab hluav taws xob AP tau siv ze rau zaj duab xis, piv rau PA duab hluav taws xob. Kev nrug deb txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov teeb pom kev sib txawv thiab kev nthuav dav hauv cov khoom uas nyob ze rau x-ray ntaus ntawv, xws li lub plawv.
- Vim tias AP radiograph raug coj los ze, nws zoo li loj dua thiab tsis ntse dua li ntawm PA zaj duab xis.
- AP cov yeeb yaj kiab tuaj yeem ua rau lub plawv zoo li loj dua thiab cov mediastium kom pom dav dua.
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Txiav txim siab yog tias zaj duab xis raug coj los ntawm txoj haujlwm decubitus ib sab (dag ntawm ib sab). Xoo hluav taws xob los ntawm txoj haujlwm no yog nqa nrog tus neeg mob lub cev pw ntawm ib sab. Txoj hauj lwm no pab txheeb xyuas qee qhov teeb meem xav tau dej (kua hauv cov kab noj hniav pleural), thiab qhia seb cov dej ntws qeeb lossis nrawm. Koj tuaj yeem saib cov hemithorax uas tsis yog los txiav txim seb puas muaj pneumothorax nyob, uas yog huab cua lossis pa hauv qhov chaw pleural.
- Lub ntsws ua pa yuav tshwm sim ntom ntom, vim atelectasis (mob tsis ua haujlwm ntawm lub ntsws vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlab ntsws lossis bronchioles) los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm mediastinum uas tso siab rau nws.
- Yog tias qhov no tsis yog, qhov no yog qhov qhia txog huab cua uas raug kaw.
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Teem sab xis thiab sab xis x-rays. Koj yuav tsum ua kom ntseeg tau tias koj pom cov ntawv xeem raug. Ua qhov no yooj yim thiab nrawm los ntawm kev nrhiav cov npuas hauv plab. Cov npuas yuav tsum nyob rau sab laug.
- Txheeb xyuas qib roj thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov npuas hauv plab.
- Cov pa roj av ib txwm tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ces kaum lossis quav ntawm daim siab thiab cov hnoos qeev hauv cov nyuv.
Txheeb Xyuas Cov Duab
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Pib nrog tus txheej txheem cej luam. Ua ntej koj txav mus rau qhov tsom mus rau cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb, nws yog qhov zoo kom muaj kev saib xyuas. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas koj tuaj yeem yuam kev tuaj yeem hloov pauv cov qauv ib txwm uas koj siv los ua tus taw qhia thaum kawm cov ntsiab lus. Pib nrog qhov kev txheeb xyuas tseem ua rau koj nkag siab zoo los nrhiav qhov tshwj xeeb. Cov kws tshaj lij xoo hluav taws xob feem ntau siv qhov hu ua ABCDE txoj hauv kev: tshuaj xyuas txoj hlab pa (A), pob txha (B), mob plawv (C), diaphragm (D) thiab qhov chaw ntsws thiab txhua yam lwm yam/ lub ntsws thiab txhua yam ntxiv (E).
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Txheeb xyuas lwm qhov xws li cov raj, cov hlab ntshav (IV) kab, EKG cov lus qhia, lub tshuab ua kom nrawm nrawm, phais qhov phais, lossis kab tso kua dej.
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Txheeb xyuas txoj hlab pa. Txheeb xyuas seb tus neeg mob txoj kev ua pa puas huv lossis tsis meej pem. Piv txwv li, thaum muaj mob pneumothorax, txoj hlab pas sib txawv deb ntawm qhov teeb meem. Nrhiav "carina", uas yog lub ntsiab lus uas cov ceg ntoo hauv lub ntsws mus rau sab xis thiab sab laug ntawm lub ntsws loj.
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Ntsuam xyuas cov pob txha. Nrhiav cov cim ntawm kev tawg, raug mob, lossis deformity. Nco tseg tag nrho qhov loj me, cov duab, thiab lub ntsej muag ntawm txhua tus pob txha, ntxiv rau qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom nti (pob txha osteopenic zoo li nyias thiab tsis pom kev me me), tuab ntawm cortex piv rau kab noj hniav hauv nruab nrab, cov qauv sib txawv, muaj cov yaig, pob txha tawg, thaj chaw lytic lossis blastic.. Saib rau qhov txhab, uas tshwm rau xim-xim thiab sclerotic.
- Cov pob txha tau raug mob kom meej meej yog tias nws qhia pom qhov tuab tuab (zoo li tsaus dua), uas yuav tshwm sim los thawb tawm sab nraud piv rau lwm cov pob txha ib puag ncig.
- Lub pob txha yog qhov meej meej sclerotic yog tias nws qhia tau tias ntom ntom ntau dua li ib txwm (zoo li dawb).
- Hauv cov pob qij txha, soj ntsuam qhov sib koom ua ke nqaim, nthuav dav, ua kom cov pob txha mos nce ntxiv, huab cua hauv qhov chaw sib koom ua ke, thiab cov rog rog txawv txav.
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Saib xyuas lub plawv kos duab silhouette. Qhov kos npe silhouette yog qhov tseem ceeb uas tsis muaj lub ntsej muag lossis poob ntawm lub ntsws/cov nqaij mos sib cuam tshuam, uas tshwm sim tom qab muaj dej ntau lossis muaj dej ntau nyob hauv lub ntsws. Saib qhov loj ntawm lub plawv duab ntxoov ntxoo (qhov chaw dawb sawv cev rau lub plawv, uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub ntsws). Lub silhouette ntawm lub plawv ib txwm nyob tsawg dua ib nrab ntawm qhov dav hauv siab.
Lub plawv zoo li lub raj mis dej zoo li tus zaj duab xis PA niaj hnub, nrog cov kua dej pericardial txawv txav. Ua ib qho ultrasound lossis "Xeem Tomography" (CT) ntawm lub hauv siab kom paub meej tias koj txhais lus
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Ntsuam xyuas lub diaphragm. Nrhiav lub tiaj lossis nthuav tawm daim diaphragm. Lub diaphragm tiaj tus tuaj yeem yog qhov qhia txog kev mob ntsws. Lub diaphragm nthuav tawm tuaj yeem yog qhov qhia txog thaj tsam ntawm huab cua sib sau ua ke (zoo li yog mob ntsws), uas ua rau lub ntsws qis dua sib txawv ntawm cov nqaij ntom ntom piv rau lub plab.
- Txoj cai diaphragm feem ntau siab dua sab laug, vim tias lub siab nyob hauv qab txoj cai diaphragm.
- Kuj soj ntsuam lub kaum ntse ntse tus nqi (uas yuav tsum tau ntse) yog tias muaj qhov tsis meej, vim qhov no yuav qhia tau tias muaj cov kua dej tsis haum (piv txwv li cov kua dej sib sau hauv cheeb tsam ntawd).
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Ntsuam xyuas lub plawv. Txheeb xyuas cov npoo ntawm lub plawv, raws li tus qauv ntawm lub silhouette yuav tsum ntse. Txheeb xyuas yog tias muaj qhov chaw ci ntsa iab uas ua rau lub plawv tsis meej, nyob rau sab xis thiab sab laug nruab nrab ntawm lingula mob ntsws, piv txwv. Kuj soj ntsuam cov nqaij mos sab nraud rau ib qho txawv txav.
- Lub plawv nrog txoj kab uas hla ntau dua ib nrab ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab ntawm lub hauv siab yog lub plawv loj.
- Saib rau cov qog ua qog, saib rau cov tawv nqaij hauv lub cev (huab cua ntog hauv qab daim tawv nqaij), thiab lwm yam kev raug mob.
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Txheeb xyuas qhov chaw ntsws. Pib los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas qhov sib npaug thiab tshawb xyuas txhua lub dav hlau loj rau ib qho txawv txav lossis ntom ntom. Sim cob qhia koj ob lub qhov muag kom pom ntawm koj lub siab thiab lub plab hauv siab mus rau tom qab ntawm koj lub ntsws. Koj yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas vascularity thiab muaj cov pawg lossis nodules.
- Txheeb xyuas lub ntsws qhov chaw thiab nrhiav cov cim ntawm kev nkag mus, kua, lossis cua hauv lub ntsws (bronchogram).
- Yog tias muaj kua, ntshav, hnoos qeev, qog nqaij hlav lossis lwm cov ntaub so ntswg ntim rau hauv lub hnab huab cua, lub ntsws yuav pom pob tshab (ci ntsa iab), nrog rau cov cim me me ntawm qhov nruab nrab.
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Hlub nws. Saib rau qhov o thiab hnyav ntawm hila los ntawm ob sab ntawm lub ntsws. Los ntawm kev pom pem hauv ntej, feem ntau ntawm cov duab ntxoov ntxoo hila sawv cev rau cov hlab ntshav sab laug thiab sab xis. Cov hlab ntsws yog ib txwm muaj qhov muaj zog tshaj li sab xis, yog li sab laug hilum zoo li siab dua.
Saib rau calcification ntawm cov qog ntshav ntawm lub hilum, uas tej zaum yuav yog vim muaj kab mob khaub thuas dhau los
Lub tswv yim
- Kev xyaum ua thaum kawg yuav tso cai rau koj nkag siab X-ray cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo. Kawm thiab nyeem qee qhov xoo hluav taws xob hauv siab kom koj ua tau zoo dua ntawm kev nyeem lawv.
- Thaum kuaj xyuas kev sib hloov, saib xyuas lub taub hau clavicular cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem spinous. Qhov deb ntawm ob yuav tsum zoo ib yam.
- Txoj cai tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev nyeem X-ray hauv siab yog pib nrog kev soj ntsuam dav dav, tom qab ntawd txav mus rau cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb.
- Ua raws li txoj hauv kev los nyeem X-rays, kom ntseeg tau tias koj tsis nco dab tsi.
- Ib txwm piv cov duab x-duab uas koj nyeem nrog yav dhau los, yog tias muaj. *Qhov kev sib piv no yuav pab koj txheeb xyuas kab mob tshiab thiab ntsuas kev hloov pauv.
- Lub plawv me me yuav tsum tsawg dua 50% ntawm lub hauv siab taub ntawm PA zaj duab xis.
Tshooj lus ntsig txog
- Tswj Tuberculosis
- Kev kuaj mob hawb pob
- Kev kuaj mob COPD
- https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/cxr/interpretation1chest.html
- https://lane.stanford.edu/portals/cvicu/HCP_Respiratory-Pulmoanry_Tab_2/Chest_X-rays.pdf
- https://lane.stanford.edu/portals/cvicu/HCP_Respiratory-Pulmoanry_Tab_2/Chest_X-rays.pdf
- https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/cxr/technique7chest.html
- https://lane.stanford.edu/portals/cvicu/HCP_Respiratory-Pulmoanry_Tab_2/Chest_X-rays.pdf
- https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/cxr/technique1chest.html
- https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/cxr/technique3chest.html
- https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/cxr/technique3chest.html
- https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/cxr/technique4chest.html
- https://lane.stanford.edu/portals/cvicu/HCP_Respiratory-Pulmoanry_Tab_2/Chest_X-rays.pdf
- https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/cxr/interpretation1chest.html
- https://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/teaching-materials/online-musculoskeletal-radiology-book/lucent-lesions-of-bone
- https://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/teaching-materials/online-musculoskeletal-radiology-book/sclerotic-lesions-of-bone
- https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/cxr/interpretation3chest.html
- https://radiopaedia.org/articles/water-bottle-sign
- https://radiopaedia.org/articles/flatening-of-the-diaphragm
- https://radiopaedia.org/articles/normal-position-of-diaphragms-on-chest-radiography
- https://radiologymasterclass.co.uk/tutorials/chest/chest_pathology/chest_pathology_page6.html
- https://lane.stanford.edu/portals/cvicu/HCP_Respiratory-Pulmoanry_Tab_2/Chest_X-rays.pdf
- https://lane.stanford.edu/portals/cvicu/HCP_Respiratory-Pulmoanry_Tab_2/Chest_X-rays.pdf
- https://lane.stanford.edu/portals/cvicu/HCP_Respiratory-Pulmoanry_Tab_2/Chest_X-rays.pdf
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https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/cxr/pathology4chest.html