Atoms me me dhau los ntsuas hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg. Txhawm rau ua haujlwm nrog qee qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj, cov kws tshawb fawb tau faib lawv rau hauv chav hu ua moles. Ib mole tau txhais raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov pa roj carbon hauv 12 grams ntawm carbon-12 isotope, uas yog kwv yees li 6.022 x 1023 atom. Tus lej no hu ua Avogadro tus lej lossis Avogadro qhov tsis tu ncua. Cov mole tau siv los ua tus lej ntawm atoms rau ib yam khoom twg thiab qhov hnyav ntawm 1 mole ntawm cov khoom yog molar mass.
Kauj ruam
Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 2: Xam Cov Elemental Molar Mass
Kauj Ruam 1. Nkag siab txog qhov hnyav ntawm cov pos hniav
Molar hnyav yog qhov hnyav (hauv grams) ntawm ib qho mole ntawm cov khoom. Los ntawm kev siv qhov hnyav atomic ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus thiab sib ntxiv nws los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm grams ib mole (g/mol), koj tuaj yeem suav qhov hnyav ntawm cov quav.
Kauj Ruam 2. Nrhiav tus txheeb ze atomic loj ntawm cov khoom
Qhov sib piv atomic loj ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus yog qhov nruab nrab qhov hnyav ntawm cov qauv ntawm tag nrho nws cov isotopes hauv cov chav atomic. Cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv lub rooj ntu ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Nrhiav qhov chaw ntawm lub caij thiab nrhiav tus lej hauv qab lub cim cim. Tus lej tsis yog tus lej, tab sis yog zauv.
Piv txwv li, rau hydrogen, tus txheeb ze atomic loj yog 1.007; rau cov pa roj carbon yog 12.0107; rau cov pa oxygen yog 15,9994; thiab rau tshuaj chlorine nws yog 35, 453
Kauj Ruam 3. Muab cov txheeb ze atomic loj los ntawm cov molar loj tas mus li
Cov khoom lag luam tau teev tseg raws li 0.001 kilogram ib mole lossis 1 gram rau mole. Qhov no hloov cov atomic units mus rau grams ib mole thiab ua rau cov pos hniav loj ntawm hydrogen 1.007 grams rau ib mole, carbon 12.0107 grams rau ib mole, oxygen 15,9994 grams rau ib mole, thiab chlorine 35,453 grams rau ib mole.
- Qee lub ntsiab lus tsuas yog pom hauv cov lwg me me ntawm 2 lossis ntau dua atoms. Qhov no txhais tau tias yog koj xav pom qhov hnyav qhov hnyav ntawm ib lub hauv paus uas muaj 2 lub atoms, xws li hydrogen, oxygen, thiab chlorine, koj yuav tsum pom cov txheeb ze atomic loj, muab nws faib los ntawm nws cov molar loj tas li, thiab muab cov khoom faib ua 2.
- Rau H.2: 1.007 x 2 = 2.014 grams ib mole; rau O2: 15,9994 x 2 = 31,9988 grams ib mole; thiab rau Cl2: 35,453 x 2 = 70.096 grams rau ib qho mole.
Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 2: Xam Qhov Ncauj Molar ntawm Cov Tshuaj
Kauj Ruam 1. Nrhiav cov tshuaj lom tshuaj rau cov tshuaj sib xyaw
Cov mis no yog tus naj npawb ntawm atoms hauv txhua lub ntsiab lus uas ua rau cov khoom sib xyaw. (Cov ntaub ntawv no tau muab hauv ib phau ntawv siv tshuaj lom neeg.) Piv txwv, cov tshuaj lom tshuaj rau hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid) yog HCl; cov tshuaj lom rau cov piam thaj yog C6H12O6. Siv cov qauv no, koj tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tus naj npawb ntawm atoms ntawm txhua lub hauv paus uas ua rau sib xyaw.
- Rau HCl, muaj ib qho atom hydrogen thiab ib qho tshuaj chlorine.
- Rau C.6H12O6, muaj 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, thiab 6 oxygen atoms.
Kauj Ruam 2. Nrhiav cov txheeb ze atomic loj ntawm txhua lub hauv paus hauv cov khoom sib xyaw
Siv cov ntawv teev sijhawm, nrhiav qhov chaw ntawm cov pawg sib xyaw atomic rau txhua lub hauv paus. Qhov loj no yog tus lej hauv qab lub cim cim. Raws li peb tau ua hauv thawj txoj hauv kev los laij cov piam thaj ntawm ib lub hauv paus, peb kuj muab cov lej no sib npaug 1 gram/mol.
- Cov txheeb ze atomic masses ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv hydrochloric acid yog: hydrogen, 1.007 g/mol thiab chlorine, 35, 453 g/mol.
- Tus txheeb ze atomic pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv qabzib yog: carbon, 12.0107 g/mol; hydrogen, 1.007 g/mol, thiab oxygen, 15,9994 g/mol.
Kauj Ruam 3. Xam qhov hnyav ntawm cov pos hniav ntawm txhua lub hauv paus
Muab cov atomic loj ntawm ib lub ntsiab los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm atoms ntawm cov khoom hauv cov khoom sib xyaw. Cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov khoom no yuav muab rau koj tus txheeb ze tus nqi uas txhua lub hauv paus koom nrog rau cov khoom sib xyaw.
- Rau hydrogen chloride, HCl, qhov hnyav ntawm txhua lub ntsiab lus yog 1.007 grams rau ib qho mole rau hydrogen thiab 35.453 grams rau ib mole rau chlorine.
- Rau cov piam thaj, C.6H12O6, qhov hnyav ntawm txhua lub hauv paus yog: carbon, 12.0107 x 6 = 72.0642 g/mol; hydrogen, 1.007 x 12 = 12,084 g/mol; thiab oxygen, 15.9994 x 6 = 95.9964 g/mol.
Kauj Ruam 4. Ntxiv cov molar masses ntawm txhua yam hauv cov khoom sib tov
Cov nyiaj no txiav txim siab qhov hnyav ntawm cov pos hniav rau tag nrho cov sib xyaw. Nqa cov khoom koj tau txais los ntawm cov kauj ruam tom ntej thiab ntxiv cov khoom lag luam ua ke los laij qhov hnyav ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw.
- Txog hydrogen chloride, cov molar hnyav yog 1.007 + 35, 453 = 36, 460 g/mol. Qhov hnyav ntawm ib mole ntawm hydrogen chloride yog 36.46 grams.
- Rau cov piam thaj, cov molar hnyav yog 72.0642 + 12.084 + 95.9964 = 180.1446 g/mol. Qhov hnyav ntawm ib mole ntawm cov piam thaj yog 180.14 grams.
