Yuav Ua Li Cas thiaj Pom Valence Electrons: 12 Cov Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)

Cov txheej txheem:

Yuav Ua Li Cas thiaj Pom Valence Electrons: 12 Cov Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)
Yuav Ua Li Cas thiaj Pom Valence Electrons: 12 Cov Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)

Video: Yuav Ua Li Cas thiaj Pom Valence Electrons: 12 Cov Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)

Video: Yuav Ua Li Cas thiaj Pom Valence Electrons: 12 Cov Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)
Video: YUAV UA LI CAS LUAG THIAJ SAIB TAUS YUS 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Hauv Chemistry, valence electrons yog cov electrons nyob hauv lub plhaub hluav taws xob sab nrauv tshaj plaws ntawm ib lub caij. Paub txog yuav nrhiav pes tsawg tus valence electrons hauv ib lub atom uas tau muab yog ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb rau cov kws tshuaj vim hais tias cov ntaub ntawv no txiav txim siab hom tshuaj lom neeg uas tuaj yeem tsim tau. Hmoov zoo, txhua yam koj xav tau txhawm rau nrhiav cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo yog lub rooj ntu ntu ntawm cov ntsiab lus.

Kauj ruam

Ntu 1 ntawm 2: Nrhiav Valence Electrons nrog Cov Sijhawm Sijhawm

Cov Hlau Tsis Hloov

Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 1
Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 1

Kauj Ruam 1. Nrhiav lub rooj ntu ntawm cov ntsiab lus

Lub rooj no yog lub rooj xim xim ua los ntawm ntau lub thawv sib txawv uas muaj txhua yam tshuaj lom neeg paub rau tib neeg. Cov ntawv teev sijhawm muab cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus - peb yuav siv qee cov ntaub ntawv no los txiav txim siab tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub atom peb tab tom kawm. Feem ntau, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv no ntawm lub hau ntawm phau ntawv tshuaj lom neeg. Kuj tseem muaj cov rooj sib tham zoo hauv online ntawm no.

Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 2
Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 2

Kauj Ruam 2. Sau txhua kab ntawv hauv kab lus ntu ntawm ntu 1 txog 18

Feem ntau, hauv cov lus teev sijhawm, txhua lub ntsiab lus hauv kab ntsug muaj tib tus lej ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Yog tias koj lub sijhawm tsis tau muaj tus lej hauv txhua kab ntawv, suav nws los ntawm 1 hauv kab sab laug mus rau 18 hauv kab sab xis. Hauv cov ntsiab lus tshawb fawb, cov kab no raug hu ua "pab pawg" ntsiab.

Piv txwv li, yog tias peb siv cov ntawv teev sijhawm uas cov pab pawg tsis suav nrog, peb yuav sau 1 saum Hydrogen (H), 2 saum Beryllium (Be), thiab ntxiv mus txog 18 saum Helium (Nws)

Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 3
Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 3

Kauj Ruam 3. Nrhiav koj lub ntsiab lus hauv lub rooj

Tam sim no, nrhiav lub hauv paus uas koj xav paub lub valence electrons ntawm lub rooj. Koj tuaj yeem ua qhov no los ntawm kev siv lub cim tshuaj (tsab ntawv hauv txhua lub npov), tus lej atomic (tus lej nyob rau sab laug ntawm txhua lub npov), lossis lwm yam ntaub ntawv muaj rau koj hauv lub rooj.

  • Rau kev ua qauv qhia, cia peb pom cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo rau cov khoom siv nquag siv: cov pa roj carbon (C).

    Lub hauv paus no muaj tus lej atomic ntawm 6. Cov ntsiab lus no nyob saum cov pab pawg 14. Hauv cov kauj ruam tom ntej, peb yuav saib nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo.

  • Hauv ntu ntu no, peb yuav tsis quav ntsej cov hlau hloov pauv, uas yog cov ntsiab lus hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm pab pawg 3 txog 12. Cov ntsiab lus no txawv me ntsis ntawm lwm qhov, yog li cov kauj ruam hauv ntu ntu no tsis siv rau cov khoom ntawd. Txheeb xyuas seb yuav ua li cas hauv kab lus hauv qab no.
Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 4
Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 4

Kauj Ruam 4. Siv pawg lej los txiav txim tus naj npawb ntawm valence electrons

Cov nab npawb ntawm cov hlau tsis hloov pauv tuaj yeem siv los nrhiav tus lej ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv cov khoom atom. Chav nyob ntawm pab pawg naj npawb yog tus naj npawb ntawm valence electrons hauv cov khoom atom. Ua lwm yam lus:

  • Pawg 1: 1 valence electrons
  • Pawg 2: 2 valence electrons
  • Pawg 13: 3 valence electrons
  • Pawg 14: 4 valence electrons
  • Pawg 15: 5 valence electrons
  • Pawg: 6 valence electrons
  • Pawg: 7 valence electrons
  • Pawg: 8 valence electrons (tshwj tsis yog helium, uas muaj 2 valence electrons)
  • Hauv peb qhov piv txwv, txij li cov pa roj carbon nyob hauv pab pawg 14, peb tuaj yeem hais tias muaj ib cov pa roj carbon atom muaj plaub valence electrons.

    Hloov Hlau

    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 5
    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 5

    Kauj Ruam 1. Nrhiav cov ntsiab lus los ntawm pab pawg 3 txog 12

    Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, cov ntsiab lus hauv pab pawg 3 txog 12 raug hu ua cov hlau hloov pauv thiab coj tus yam ntxwv txawv ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus hais txog kev siv hluav taws xob zoo. Hauv ntu no, peb yuav piav qhia qhov sib txawv, rau qee qhov, feem ntau nws tsis tuaj yeem muab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo rau cov atoms no.

    • Rau kev ua qauv qhia, cia peb coj Tantalum (Ta), lub ntsiab lus 73. Hauv ob peb kauj ruam tom ntej, peb yuav saib nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo (lossis, tsawg kawg, sim).
    • Nco tseg tias cov hlau hloov pauv suav nrog lanthanide thiab actinide (tseem hu ua cov hlau tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb) series - ob kab ntawm cov ntsiab lus feem ntau nyob hauv qab ntawm tag nrho cov lus, pib nrog lanthanum thiab actinium. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus no suav nrog pab 3 nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev sijhawm.
    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 6
    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 6

    Kauj Ruam 2. Nkag siab tias cov hlau hloov pauv tsis muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo ib yam

    Nkag siab tias vim li cas cov hlau hloov pauv tsis ua haujlwm zoo ib yam li cov seem ntawm lub sijhawm xav tau kev piav qhia me ntsis txog kev siv hluav taws xob ua haujlwm hauv atoms li cas. Saib hauv qab no txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas sai lossis hla cov kauj ruam no kom tau txais cov lus teb tam sim.

    • Raws li cov tshuab hluav taws xob tau ntxiv rau atoms, cov hluav taws xob no tau teeb tsa mus rau qhov sib txawv orbitals - qhov tseem ceeb sib txawv thaj tsam ib puag ncig atom uas cov atoms tau sib sau ua ke. Feem ntau, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo yog cov atoms hauv lub plhaub sab nraud - hauv lwm lo lus, lub atoms kawg ntxiv.
    • Rau cov laj thawj uas nyuaj me ntsis los piav qhia ntawm no, thaum cov atoms tau ntxiv rau sab nrauv d plhaub ntawm cov hlau hloov pauv (ntau dua ntawm qhov hauv qab no), thawj lub atoms nkag mus rau lub plhaub zoo li ua zoo ib yam li valence electrons, tab sis tom qab ntawd, electrons nws tsis coj zoo li ntawd, thiab cov hluav taws xob los ntawm lwm cov txheej txheej orbital qee zaum txawm tias ua zoo li valence electrons. Qhov no txhais tau tias ib qho atom tuaj yeem muaj ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob nyob ntawm seb nws tau siv li cas.
    • Txhawm rau piav qhia ntxaws ntxiv, ua tibzoo saib Clackamas Community College qhov zoo valence electron page.
    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 7
    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 7

    Kauj Ruam 3. Txiav txim seb pes tsawg tus valence electrons raws li lawv tus lej

    Ib zaug ntxiv, pab pawg naj npawb ntawm lub hauv paus uas koj tab tom saib tuaj yeem qhia koj tias muaj pes tsawg lub tshuab hluav taws xob uas nws muaj. Txog rau kev hloov pauv hlau, txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj tus qauv uas koj tuaj yeem ua raws - pawg lej feem ntau yuav sib haum rau tus lej ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo. Cov zauv yog:

    • Pawg 3: 3 valence electrons
    • Pawg 4: 2 txog 4 valence electrons
    • Pawg 5: 2 txog 5 valence electrons
    • Pawg 6: 2 txog 6 valence electrons
    • Pawg 7: 2 txog 7 valence electrons
    • Pawg 8: 2 lossis 3 valence electrons
    • Pawg 9: 2 lossis 3 valence electrons
    • Pawg 10: 2 lossis 3 valence electrons
    • Pawg 11: 1 txog 2 valence electrons
    • Pawg 12: 2 valence electrons
    • Hauv peb qhov piv txwv, txij li Tantalum nyob hauv pab pawg 5, peb tuaj yeem hais tias Tantalum muaj nruab nrab ob thiab tsib valence electrons, nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej.

    Ntu 2 ntawm 2: Nrhiav Valence Electrons los ntawm Electron Configuration

    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 8
    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 8

    Kauj Ruam 1. Kawm paub yuav nyeem lub tshuab hluav taws xob li cas

    Lwm txoj hauv kev los nrhiav qhov muaj txiaj ntsig electrons ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus yog nrog qee yam hu ua kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob. Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob yuav zoo li nyuaj, tab sis nws tsuas yog ib txoj hauv kev los sawv cev rau cov tshuab hluav taws xob hauv ib qho atom nrog cov tsiaj ntawv thiab tus lej, thiab nws yooj yim yog tias koj paub tias koj tab tom ua dab tsi.

    • Cia peb saib ib qho piv txwv teeb tsa rau cov ntsiab lus sodium (Na):

      1s22s xub22 pab p63s xub1
    • Nco ntsoov tias kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob no tsuas yog rov ua tus qauv zoo li no:

      (naj npawb) (tsab ntawv)(naj npawb saum toj no)(naj npawb) (tsab ntawv)(naj npawb saum toj no)
    • … lwm. Txawv (naj npawb) (tsab ntawv) thawj yog lub npe ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob orbital thiab (naj npawb saum toj no) yog tus naj npawb ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv lub orbital ntawd - yog nws!
    • Yog li, rau peb tus piv txwv, peb hais tias muaj sodium 2 electrons hauv 1s. Orbital ntxiv 2 electrons hauv 2s. Orbital ntxiv 6 electrons hauv 2p orbitals ntxiv 1 electron hauv 3s orbital.

      Tag nrho yog 11 electrons - sodium yog tus lej 11, yog li nws ua rau nkag siab.

    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 9
    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 9

    Kauj Ruam 2. Nrhiav lub tshuab hluav taws xob rau lub hauv paus uas koj tab tom kawm

    Thaum koj paub cov txheej txheem hluav taws xob ntawm lub hauv paus, nrhiav tus lej ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj qhov yooj yim haum (tshwj tsis yog qhov tseeb, rau kev hloov pauv hlau.) Yog tias koj tau txais kev teeb tsa los ntawm qhov teeb meem, koj tuaj yeem txav mus rau kauj ruam tom ntej. Yog tias koj yuav tsum saib nws koj tus kheej, ua tib zoo saib hauv qab no:

    • Nov yog kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ua tiav rau ununoctium (Uuo), tus lej naj npawb 118:

      1s22s xub22 pab p63s xub23 pab p64s xus23d yib104 pab p65s xus24d xab105p paj66 s xyb24f xub145d xab106p paj67s xub25f xub146d xab107p paj6
    • Tam sim no koj muaj kev teeb tsa, txhua yam koj yuav tsum ua txhawm rau nrhiav lub teeb hluav taws xob ntawm lwm lub atom yog txhawm rau ua cov qauv no los ntawm kos kom txog thaum koj tsis muaj hluav taws xob. Qhov no yooj yim dua li lub suab. Piv txwv li, yog tias peb xav tsim daim duab kos duab rau cov tshuaj chlorine (Cl), tus lej 17, uas muaj 17 lub tshuab hluav taws xob, peb yuav ua nws zoo li no:

      1s22s xub22 pab p63s xub23 pab p5
    • Daim ntawv ceeb toom tias tus lej ntawm electrons ntxiv rau 17: 2 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 5 = 17. Koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau hloov tus nqi hauv qhov chaw zaum kawg - qhov seem yog qhov zoo ib yam vim tias cov orbitals ua ntej lub hnub qub kawg tau puv.
    • Txog lwm qhov kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob, saib hauv kab lus no.
    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 10
    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 10

    Kauj Ruam 3. Ntxiv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob mus rau lub hauv paus orbital nrog rau Txoj Cai Octet

    Thaum cov hluav taws xob tau ntxiv rau hauv atom, lawv poob rau hauv ntau lub orbitals hauv qhov kev txiav txim teev tseg saum toj no - thawj ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob nkag mus rau 1s orbital, ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob tom ntej mus rau hauv 2s orbital, tom ntej rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob txuas mus rau 2p orbital, thiab thiaj li. Thaum peb ua haujlwm nrog atoms sab nraud ntawm cov hlau hloov pauv, peb hais tias cov orbitals no tsim cov orbital shells nyob ib ncig ntawm lub atom, nrog txhua lub plhaub txuas ntxiv mus deb ntawm lub plhaub dhau los. Ntxiv rau thawj lub plhaub, uas tsuas tuaj yeem tuav ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob, txhua lub plhaub tuaj yeem tuav yim lub tshuab hluav taws xob (ntxiv rau, dua, thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov hlau hloov pauv.) Qhov no hu ua Txoj Cai Octet.

    • Piv txwv li, cia peb hais tias peb saib lub hauv paus Boron (B). Txij li tus lej atomic yog tsib, peb paub tias lub hauv paus muaj tsib lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab nws cov teeb tsa hluav taws xob zoo li qhov no: 1s22s xub22 pab p1. Txij li thawj lub plhaub orbital tsuas muaj ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob, peb paub tias Boron tsuas muaj ob lub plhaub: ib lub plhaub nrog ob 1s hluav taws xob thiab ib lub plhaub nrog peb lub tshuab hluav taws xob los ntawm 2s thiab 2p orbitals.
    • Raws li lwm qhov piv txwv, lub hauv paus xws li tshuaj chlorine yuav muaj peb lub pob zeb zoo li qub: ib qho nrog 1s electrons, ib qho nrog ob 2s electrons thiab rau 2p electrons, thiab ib qho nrog ob 3s electrons thiab tsib 3p electrons.
    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 11
    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 11

    Kauj Ruam 4. Nrhiav tus naj npawb ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv lub plhaub sab nrauv

    Tam sim no koj paub lub plhaub hluav taws xob ntawm koj lub hauv paus, nrhiav cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau yooj yim heev: tsuas yog siv tus lej ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv lub plhaub sab nrauv. Yog tias lub plhaub sab nraud puv nkaus (hauv lwm lo lus, yog lub plhaub sab nraud muaj yim lub tshuab hluav taws xob, lossis rau thawj lub plhaub nws muaj ob lub), lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog thiab yuav tsis cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus. Txawm li cas los xij, dua, txoj cai no tsis siv rau cov hlau hloov pauv.

    Piv txwv li, yog tias peb siv Boron, txij li muaj peb lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv lub plhaub thib ob, peb tuaj yeem hais tias Boron muaj peb valence electrons.

    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 12
    Nrhiav Valence Electrons Kauj Ruam 12

    Kauj Ruam 5. Siv cov kab lus ua kab lus luv luv kom pom cov pob zeb zoo nkauj

    Kab rov tav kab nyob rau hauv lub rooj ncua sijhawm hu ua "sij hawm" ntsiab. Pib ntawm sab saum toj ntawm lub rooj, txhua lub sijhawm sib raug rau cov xov tooj hluav taws xob uas lub atom muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Koj tuaj yeem siv nws los ua txoj hauv kev luv los txiav txim seb muaj pes tsawg lub tshuab hluav taws xob muaj lub hauv paus - tsuas yog pib ntawm sab laug ntawm lub sijhawm thaum suav cov electrons. Ib zaug ntxiv, koj yuav tsum tsis quav ntsej cov hlau hloov pauv rau txoj kev no.

    • Piv txwv li, peb paub tias lub hauv paus selenium muaj plaub lub hauv pliaj vim nws nyob rau lub sijhawm thib plaub. Txij li nws yog lub hauv paus thib rau los ntawm sab laug hauv lub sijhawm plaub (tsis quav ntsej cov hlau hloov pauv), peb paub tias nws lub plhaub txheej thib plaub muaj rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab yog li selenium muaj rau valence electrons.

    Lub tswv yim

    • Nco tseg tias kev teeb tsa lub tshuab hluav taws xob tuaj yeem sau ua ib txoj hauv kev siv cov pa roj av zoo (cov ntsiab lus hauv pab pawg 18) los hloov cov orbitals thaum pib ntawm kev teeb tsa. Piv txwv, kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm sodium tuaj yeem sau ua [Ne] 3s1 - qhov tseeb, zoo ib yam li neon, tab sis nrog ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntxiv hauv 3s orbital.
    • Cov hlau hloov pauv tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv hauv qab uas tsis tau ua tiav. Kev txiav txim siab pes tsawg tus lej ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv cov hlau hloov pauv cuam tshuam nrog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm quantum txoj kev xav uas tsis tau hais los ntawm kab lus no.
    • Nco ntsoov tias lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm ib lub tebchaws mus rau ib lub tebchaws. Yog li xyuas seb koj puas siv lub rooj sijhawm raug kom raug kom tsis txhob ສັບ ສົນ.

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