Kev Sau Ntawv Askiv yog ib txoj hauv kev nyuaj thiab zam tsis dhau, ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum kawm hoob no. Nrog ntau cov ntaub ntawv los npog rau hauv chav kawm no, koj yuav tsis paub yuav pib kawm ntawv Askiv li cas. Txawm hais tias koj tab tom kawm rau kev xeem, xeem nkag mus, lossis chav kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, koj tuaj yeem ua qee cov kauj ruam los pab koj ua tiav koj lub hom phiaj.
Kauj ruam
Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 5: Npaj rau Thawj Kauj Ruam
Kauj Ruam 1. Pib ntxov
Tsis txhob tso tseg kev kawm txog hmo ntuj ua ntej koj hnub xeem loj! Tshwj xeeb rau cov ncauj lus xws li Ntawv Askiv uas yuav nug koj cov lus nug ntxiv nrog rau cov lus nug teb, koj yuav xav tau sijhawm kom nkag siab txog qib nyuaj ntawm koj cov ntawv xeem. Koj yuav raug nug kom teb cov lus nug uas dhau mus tsuas yog piav qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm zaj dab neeg lossis npe cov cim.
Kauj Ruam 2. Nco qab qhov koj twb paub lawm
Sau tag nrho cov ntsiab lus koj tuaj yeem nco tau los ntawm thaum koj xub nyeem tsab ntawv nrog rau txhua yam uas koj nco tau los ntawm koj cov lus qhuab qhia. Tsis txhob "dag" los ntawm kev saib ntawm koj cov ntawv lossis phau ntawv - tsuas yog sau yam koj paub tseeb tias koj nco qab. Qhov no yuav yog koj theem pib thiab taw qhia yam uas koj tsis nco qab.
Kauj Ruam 3. Saib seb puas muaj ib nqe lus uas koj tsis paub
Ntau qhov kev xeem thiab kev xeem hauv cov ntawv Askiv xav kom koj nkag siab qee cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, xws li cov lus hais ua lus tsis txaus ntseeg, kev hais lus tsis tseeb, hais lus, thiab lus piv txwv. Txawm hais tias koj yuav tsis xav kom nkag siab ntau yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus sau ntawv, nkag siab qee qhov ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau koj txoj kev vam meej. Muaj ntau phau ntawv qhia muaj, uas tuaj yeem pab koj nrhiav cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau ntawv. Cov hauv qab no yog qee cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb heev:
- Stanza yog kev faib kab ntawm cov paj huam thiab sib npaug rau cov kab lus hauv kab lus/sau ntawv sau dawb. Feem ntau, stanzas yog yam tsawg peb kab ntev; pawg ntawm ob kab raug xa mus ua "couplets."
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Irony, ntawm theem pib txhais tau tias lo lus uas muaj lub ntsiab lus sib txawv rau lo lus thiab lub ntsiab lus yog yuav luag txhua yam. Piv txwv li, tus ua cim uas ntsib lwm tus ua cim thaum muaj cua daj cua dub hais tias "Huab cua zoo nkauj heev, puas yog?" Qhov no yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg vim tias tus nyeem tuaj yeem nkag siab tias huab cua tsis zoo nkauj tiag tiag. William Shakespeare, Jane Austen, thiab Charles Dickens yog tus sau uas feem ntau siv cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg.
Tsis txhob yuam kev irony nrog hmoov tsis zoo, zoo li hauv zaj nkauj "Ironic" los ntawm Alanis Morisette: "ya dub hauv koj lub chardonnay" yog hmoov tsis zoo, tab sis tsis yog lus dag.
- Kev ua yeeb yam txaus ntshai tshwm sim thaum tus nyeem ntawv paub cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb uas tus xeeb ceem tsis paub, xws li qhov tseeb tias Oedipus tua nws txiv thiab tab tom yuav nws niam.
- Alliteration yog cov txheej txheem feem ntau siv hauv paj huam thiab ua yeeb yam; Cov txheej txheem no yog rov ua dua ntawm thawj tus ntawv sib txuas hauv ob peb lo lus nrog qhov nrug deb nyob deb. "Peter Piper khaws peck ntawm cov kua txob qab zib" yog piv txwv ntawm kev hais lus zoo.
- Tus neeg hais lus feem ntau yog hais txog tus neeg uas yog tus saib hauv cov paj huam lossis nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv los hais txog tus neeg piav dab neeg ntawm cov dab neeg tshiab. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub qhov txawv ntawm tus neeg hais lus thiab tus sau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov paj huam ua paj lug xws li Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess", uas qhia txog tus neeg npau taws uas tau lees txim tua nws thawj tus poj niam. Hauv qhov no, tau kawg, nws yog tus hais lus uas lees paub nws, tsis yog Browning.
- Cov lus piv txwv yuav tham txog qhov ntev dua hauv Ntu 2 ntawm tsab xov xwm no, tab sis hauv qhov tseeb, cov lus piv txwv yog qhov sib txawv ntawm "lus". Cov lus piv txwv siv cov txheej txheem xws li ua piv txwv, ua piv txwv, ua tus kheej, thiab ua rau lub siab xav piav qhia ib yam kom meej dua. Piv txwv li, hauv Shakespeare lub luag haujlwm ua Antony thiab Cleopatra, Cleopatra piav qhia Mark Antony li no: “Nws ob txhais ceg nthuav hla dej hiav txwv. Lub xub pwg yog lub ntiaj teb npog. " Nov yog qhov piv txwv ntawm cov lus hyperbolic: tau kawg Antony ob txhais ceg tsis tshua nthuav dav hla dej hiav txwv, tab sis nws hais txog Cleopatra txoj kev hwm rau Antony thiab nws lub zog.
Kauj Ruam 4. Saib cov lus nug piv txwv yog ua tau
Yog tias koj tau txais phau ntawv qhia kev kawm lossis cov lus nug piv txwv, saib cov ntaub ntawv koj tau kawm ntau npaum li cas. Qhov no yuav pab koj tsom mus rau yam uas xav tau kev xyaum ntau, ntxiv rau pab koj tsim txoj phiaj xwm kev kawm.
Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 5: Rov Xyuas Koj Cov Ntawv Sau
Kauj Ruam 1. Rov nyeem koj tsab ntawv
Koj yuav tsum tau nyeem hauv chav kawm, tab sis yog tias koj tab tom kawm rau qhov kev xeem, nco ntsoov koj rov nyeem dua kom paub txog yam uas koj tau ua dhau los.
Kauj Ruam 2. Saib cov lus piv txwv
Ntau tus kws sau ntawv siv cov txuj ci xws li ua piv txwv, ua piv txwv, thiab tus kheej los hais txog lawv lub ntsiab lus. Cov no yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog kev sau ntawv uas koj tab tom nyeem. Ib qho piv txwv yog paub tias tus ntses dawb hauv Moby-Dick zaj dab neeg sawv cev (ntawm lwm yam) Tus Thawj Tub Rog Ahab txoj kev khav theeb, koj yuav nkag siab qhov ntawv tshiab no los ntawm Melville.
- Cov lus piv txwv ua piv txwv ncaj qha ntawm ob yam uas zoo sib xws. Cov lus piv txwv muaj zog dua li cov piv txwv. Ib qho piv txwv yog kab kawg ntawm F. Scott Fitzgerald cov ntawv tshiab The Great Gatsby, uas muab cov lus piv txwv nto npe los ntawm kev sib piv tib neeg lub neej mus rau lub nkoj uas tab tom sim tawm tsam lub zog tam sim no: tau nqa rov qab tsis muaj hnub kawg."
- Simile kuj ua qhov sib piv, tab sis tsis hais ncaj qha tias "x" yog "y". Ib qho piv txwv yog Margaret Mitchell uas siv qhov piv txwv los piav qhia txog Scarlett O'Hara qhov nyiam rau Ashley Wilkes hauv nws phau ntawv tshiab Gone With the Wind: "Nws qhov kev xav tsis txaus siab rau Scarlett xav paub zoo li lub qhov rooj tsis muaj tus yuam sij thiab tsis muaj tus yuam sij."
- Tus kheej yog tshwm sim thaum cov khoom tsis yog tib neeg lossis tsiaj tau muab rau tib neeg tus yam ntxwv los nthuav qhia lub tswv yim ntau dua. Ib qho piv txwv yog Emily Dickinson uas nquag siv tus kheej hauv nws cov paj huam, zoo li hauv cov paj huam no hais txog tus nab: “Tus txiv neej yuag ntev nyob hauv cov nyom / qee zaum taug kev zoo; / Tej zaum koj yuav tau ntsib nws, - koj tsis pom, / sai npaum li cas nws paub. " Ntawm no, tus nab yog "tus neeg yuag ntev" uas "taug kev zoo" ntawm cov nyom, yog li tus nab zoo li tus txiv neej Victorian zoo nraug dua li cov tsiaj reptile.
Kauj Ruam 3. Xav txog tus qauv ntawm koj tsab ntawv
Txoj kev uas tus sau qhia nws cov tswv yim feem ntau tseem ceeb li cov tswv yim. Hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej, daim ntawv thiab tus qauv ntawm daim ntawv yuav cuam tshuam rau nws cov ntsiab lus.
- Yog tias koj tab tom nyeem ntawv tseeb, xav txog cov xwm txheej hauv zaj dab neeg. Puas muaj qhov rov qab los lossis qhov chaw hauv cov lus piav qhia uas saib rov qab rau lub sijhawm? Sandra Cisnero cov ntawv tshiab Caramelo pib ze rau qhov kawg ntawm "zaj dab neeg" tseeb thiab txav nruab nrab ntawm lub sijhawm thiab chaw sib txawv, hais txog qhov nyuaj ntawm tsev neeg keeb kwm.
- Yog koj tab tom nyeem paj huam, xav txog daim ntawv paj huam. Hom paj huam twg yog nws? Puas yog cov paj lug raug teeb tsa, zoo li sonnet lossis sestina? Puas yog cov paj huam muaj cov kab xoob uas siv cov ntsiab lus xws li kev sib dhos thiab kev hais kwv txhiaj, tab sis tsis muaj lub tswv yim sib dhos ruaj khov? Txoj hauv kev sau paj huam feem ntau muab cov ntsiab lus rau kev xav uas tus kws sau paj huam xav qhia.
Kauj Ruam 4. Xav txog tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb
Tus cwj pwm nrog hom tseem ceeb feem ntau yog tus ua cim - txawm hais tias nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem yog qhov ua lossis qhov xwm txheej - uas ntseeg tias sawv cev rau qee yam thoob ntiaj teb uas tau lees paub tias yog ib feem ntawm tib neeg. Tus kws paub txog kev puas siab ntsws uas muaj npe nrov, Carl Jung, sib cav tias hom tseem ceeb nkag mus rau hauv tib neeg lub siab lub ntsws thiab yog li ntawd peb tuaj yeem nkag siab hom tseem ceeb no los ntawm kev paub uas peb muaj nrog lwm tus neeg. Vim tias ntau hom kev txheeb xyuas kev sau ntawv tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Jung, nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau koj los txheeb xyuas qee yam ntawm cov hom tseem ceeb uas tshwm hauv koj li ntawv sau.
- Hero lossis Hero yog tus yam ntxwv uas ua rau pom qhov zoo thiab feem ntau tawm tsam kev phem hauv kev sib ntaus los tiv thaiv kev ncaj ncees lossis rov kho dua. Beowulf thiab Captain America yog tus piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm hom tseem ceeb ntawm Heroes.
- Cov Hluas Tsis Ncaj Ncees yog tus yam ntxwv uas feem ntau tsis muaj kev paub tab sis nyiam los ntawm lwm tus vim nws ntseeg lwm tus. Piv txwv li, Pip hauv Charles Dicken zaj dab neeg Zoo Tshaj Plaws; thiab Luke Skywalker los ntawm Star Wars. Ob leeg yog hom Neeg Tsis Ncaj Ncees Cov Hluas. Feem ntau, hom tseem ceeb no yuav ntsib "txheej txheem ua kom tiav" thaum kawg ntawm zaj dab neeg.
- Cov kws qhia yog lub luag haujlwm saib xyuas lossis tiv thaiv tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb los ntawm kev qhia paub thiab pab. Gandalf hauv Tus Tswv ntawm Rings thiab Hobbit los ntawm J. R. R. Tolkien yog ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov hom Mentor, zoo li Obi-Wan Kenobi los ntawm Star Wars cov yeeb yaj kiab.
- Doppelganger yog tus ua cim uas yog ntxaib ntawm tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb, tab sis sawv cev rau qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm tus phab ej. Cov piv txwv zoo ib yam ntawm Doppelgangers yog Frankenstein thiab nws Creature hauv Mary Shelley zaj dab neeg tshiab Frankenstein; thiab Dr. Jekyll thiab Mr. Hyde hauv Louis Stevenson cov ntawv tshiab ntawm tib lub npe zoo li tus ua cim.
- Tus neeg phem yog tus yam ntxwv nrog lub phiaj xwm phem, uas tus phab ej yuav tsum tawm tsam. Tus neeg phem feem ntau yuav ua txhua yam nws siv los kov yeej Hero tus yam ntxwv thiab nws feem ntau, txawm hais tias tsis tas li, ntse. Piv txwv yog Shere Khan los ntawm Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book, Smaug Dragon los ntawm The Hobbit, thiab Joker los ntawm Batman comics thiab zaj duab xis.
Kauj Ruam 5. Xav txog hom thawj yam xwm txheej
Lwm lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb uas koj yuav pom yog qhov xwm txheej, uas paub zoo, kwv yees hom phiaj thiab zaj dab neeg. Qee hom tseem ceeb ntawm qhov xwm txheej suav nrog:
- Lus. lossis Mus Ncig. Nws yog hom kev tshwm sim feem ntau thiab tau hais txog yuav luag txhua zaj dab neeg, los ntawm King Arthur mus rau Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, mus rau JR. R. Tolkien. Hauv hom tseem ceeb no, tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb mus rau qhov kev taug - tsis hais lub cev lossis lub siab, hais lus lossis piv txwv - kom nkag siab qee yam txog nws tus kheej lossis lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig nws, lossis kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb. Feem ntau, txoj kev taug no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev hauv zaj dab neeg, zoo li qhov tshwm sim ntawm Kev Sib Koom lossis kev phooj ywg los rhuav tshem Ib Lub Nplhaib ntawm Sauron hauv Tus Tswv ntawm Rings zaj dab neeg.
- Pib los yog Pib. Hom tseem ceeb no zoo ib yam li Kev Taug Kev, tab sis kev tsom mus rau ntau dua ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus phab ej los ntawm nws cov kev paub. Hom dab neeg no kuj tseem tuaj yeem raug hu ua '' bildungsroman. '' Henry Fielding's Tom Jones yog tus piv txwv zoo ntawm hom no lossis keeb kwm ntawm feem ntau phau ntawv dab neeg dab neeg (piv txwv li, Peter Parker zaj lus qhia ntawm kev kov yeej "lub zog loj thiab lub luag haujlwm" thaum nws dhau los ua Spiderman).
- Caij nplooj zeeg yog hom tseem ceeb uas tseem muaj ntau heev. Hauv hom tseem ceeb no, tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tau poob los ntawm nws lub xeev siab raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws ua. Piv txwv ntawm hom kev pom no tau pom hauv ntau yam haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv sau qub, suav nrog Shakespeare's King Lear los ntawm King Lear, Ahab los ntawm Melville phau ntawv tshiab Moby-Dick, thiab Dab Ntxwg Nyoog los ntawm John Milton zaj paj huam epic Paradise Lost.
Kauj Ruam 6. Xav txog qhov kev nqis tes ua los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb
Hauv ntau phau ntawv, tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua yeeb yam thiab cov ntawv tseeb, yuav muaj "qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim" uas txuas ntxiv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm zaj dab neeg. Lub sijhawm no yuav cuam tshuam qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov xwm txheej, nce teeb meem, thiab ua rau muaj xwm txheej tshwm sim uas yuav ua rau tag nrho ntawm zaj dab neeg.
- Piv txwv li, hauv Shakespeare's Macbeth, Macbeth hnov cov lus qhia los yav tom ntej ntawm peb tus dab hais tias nws yuav dhau los ua Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Scotland. Txawm hais tias nws tsis xav ua huab tais ua ntej, los yav tom ntej ua rau nws mob siab rau thiab tua neeg, uas dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm nws txoj kev poob.
- Lwm qhov piv txwv yog hauv Arthur Miller lub luag haujlwm ua si The Crucible qhov uas ib pab pawg ntawm cov ntxhais hluas ntsib teeb meem: lawv raug ntes ua qhov tsis zoo hauv hav zoov thiab raug txim. Txhawm rau sim npog nws qhov kev ua, lawv liam lawv tus phooj ywg ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm khawv koob. Qhov kev nqis tes no ua rau zaj dab neeg hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab no uas qhia txog kev liam ntawm cov ntxhais no dhau ntawm kev tswj hwm.
Txoj Kev 3 ntawm 5: Ua Cov Lus Tseem Ceeb rau Kev Ua Yeeb Yam thiab Ua Yeeb Yam
Kauj Ruam 1. Sau txhua tshooj lossis ua cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tom qab koj tau nyeem tsab ntawv zaum ob
Qhov no yuav ua rau kev tshuaj xyuas yooj yim dua, txij li koj twb muaj cov ntsiab lus ntxhib uas koj tuaj yeem nthuav dav.
Tsis txhob dai ntau dhau ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Koj tsis tas yuav suav tag nrho txhua yam me me uas tshwm sim hauv tshooj lossis tshooj ntawm zaj dab neeg. Nruab nrab koj cov ntawv sau tseg ntawm qhov ua tseem ceeb ntawm txhua tshooj, nrog rau txhua lub cim tseem ceeb lossis lub sijhawm thematic
Kauj Ruam 2. Sau tus cim profile rau txhua tus cim tseem ceeb
Suav nrog txhua yam tseem ceeb uas tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb tau ua lossis hais, nrog rau kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm tus cim hauv koj cov ntawv.
Txog kev ua yeeb yam, nco ntsoov tias koj sau cov suab uas tseem ceeb, zoo li Hamlet's "Yuav tsum yog lossis tsis yog," lossis Arthur Miller Txoj Kev Tuag Ntawm Tus Muag Khoom "yuav tsum tau them nyiaj."
Kauj Ruam 3. Qhia tag nrho cov teeb meem uas cov cim tau ntsib
Qhov no qee zaum tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li cov ntsiab lus tshooj. Cov kev cov nyom thiab kev tsis sib haum twg ua lub cim tseem ceeb ntsib? Lawv lub hom phiaj yog dab tsi?
Piv txwv li, Hamlet hauv zaj dab neeg "Shakespeare" muaj ntau yam teeb meem uas nws yuav tsum tau daws: 1) Puas yog tus txiv ntawm nws txiv uas thawb Hamlet los ua pauj kua zaub ntsuab kom ntseeg? 2) Nws tuaj yeem ua pauj kua zaub ntsuab rau nws tus txiv ntxawm, hauv chav hais plaub uas muaj neeg saib nws li cas? 3) Nws yuav ua li cas thiaj kov yeej nws lub ntuj nyiam ua rau xav txog txhua yam, txhawm rau txhim kho lub siab tawv kom tau kua zaub ntsuab uas nws xav tau tiag tiag?
Kauj Ruam 4. Txiav txim siab yog tias cov teeb meem no tau raug daws lawm
Qee zaum, txhua yam raug daws zoo nkauj zoo nkauj thaum kawg ntawm zaj dab neeg: Lub Hnub Qub Tuag raug rhuav tshem hauv Star Wars, lossis Ib Lub Nplhaib raug rhuav tshem thiab Aragorn raug rov los ua vajntxwv hauv Tus Tswv ntawm Rings. Lwm lub sij hawm, teeb meem raug daws, tab sis tsis yog txoj hauv kev zoo: piv txwv li, Hamlet tswj kom ua pauj kua zaub ntsuab thiab ua tiav qhov kev thov dab, tab sis nws tua ntau tus neeg tsis muaj txim thiab tuag nws tus kheej. Nkag siab tias tus cwj pwm ua tiav nws lub hom phiaj, lossis vim li cas nws tsis ua, yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tham txog kev ua haujlwm sau ntawv hauv koj qhov kev xeem.
Kauj Ruam 5. Nco txog qee nqe lus tseem ceeb uas tau ua hauv zaj dab neeg
Thaum koj tsis tas yuav cim cov ntsiab lus hais txog cov lus tseem ceeb thiab cov lus hais, nco ntsoov cov ntsiab lus ntawm zaj dab neeg tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thaum koj sau ntawv sib cav txog tsab ntawv.
Piv txwv li, yog tias koj kawm Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, nco ntsoov tias Mr. Darcy lees tias nws tau cuam tshuam nrog Elizabeth tsev neeg cov haujlwm yuav muaj txiaj ntsig los piav qhia vim li cas ob tus neeg no ntxub ib leeg thaum pib ntawm phau ntawv (piv txwv li, Darcy txaus siab heev rau lees tias kev cuam tshuam tsis raug thiab Elizabeth muaj kev ntxub ntxaug dhau). lees paub tias Darcy yuav muaj kev txhawb nqa tsim nyog)
Kauj Ruam 6. Sau cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws, suav nrog txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv tsab ntawv thiab qhov tseem ceeb npaum li cas txhua tus cim hauv kab ntawv
Tsis txhob quav ntsej nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm no! Sau tseg tias "lub suab nyob hauv Mary Shelley's Frankenstein yog li txaus ntshai" yuav tsis ua haujlwm hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia dab tsi ua rau nws txaus ntshai.
- Sau cov sijhawm uas coj koj tsab ntawv mus rau lub neej. Tsis yog qhov no yuav pab koj nco qab dab tsi tshwm sim hauv ib tshooj, tab sis nws tseem yuav muab pov thawj uas koj tuaj yeem siv thaum koj ua ntawv foob txog cov ntawv hauv koj qhov kev xeem.
- Piv txwv, xav txog nqe lus no, los ntawm Tshooj 41 ntawm Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, thaum Ahab thaum kawg ntes White Whale: "Nws [Ahab] nchuav tawm kev npau taws thiab kev ntxub ntxaug uas nws haiv neeg tau xav txij li lub sijhawm Adas nyob rau tom qab pope lub nraub qaum; tom qab ntawd, zoo li nws lub hauv siab yog tshuaj khib, nws cuam nws cov mos txwv ntawm tus txiv plig. " Qhov no yog qhov xav tau ntau dua li hais yooj yim "Ahab tau tawm tsam tus txiv plig txiv plig." Kab lus no hais txog Ahab tsom lub whale tsis yog vim tias lub whale tau tawg nws txhais ceg, tab sis vim Ahab xav tias tus ntses no yog qhov piv txwv ntawm txhua yam tsis zoo uas tau tshwm sim rau tib neeg txij thaum pib lub sijhawm, thiab nws xav rhuav tshem whale ib leeg - zoo li yog nws lub hauv siab. yog rab phom, nco ntsoov, nrog rab phom loj tau tshem tawm los ntawm nws - kom tua cov ntses ntses.
Kauj Ruam 7. Sau tag nrho cov cim hauv kab ntawv thiab lawv qhov chaw nyob
Symbolism yog tus kws sau ntawv nyiam tshaj plaws. Yog tias qee yam, xws li cov xim tshwj xeeb lossis cov khoom, tshwm sim ntau dua ib zaug lossis ob zaug, tom qab ntawd lub hauv paus no yog lub cim uas sawv cev rau qee yam tseem ceeb.
Piv txwv li, hauv Nathaniel Hawthorne cov ntawv tshiab Tus Scarlet Letter, tsab ntawv "A" uas Hester Prynne yuav tsum hnav raws li kev rau txim rau nws kev ua tsis ncaj yog lub cim meej, tab sis Pearl, nws tus ntxhais, kuj yog lub cim. Zoo li tsab ntawv "A," Pearl yog kev nco txog nws kev ua tsis ncaj, "tus cim ntawm kev txaj muag." Hester feem ntau hnav zoo nkauj kub thiab tiab liab ntawm Pearl, yog li lub cev txuas nws mus rau tsab ntawv A thiab Hester kev ua tsis ncaj ncees
Kauj Ruam 8. Nrhiav kev sib raug zoo tam sim no
Kev hais txog qee yam kev coj noj coj ua lossis teeb meem hauv zej zog uas tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm sau cov ntawv sau feem ntau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv koj qhov kev xeem lossis sau ntawv. Siv cov ntaub ntawv kawm uas koj muaj, qhia txog cov ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab cov peev txheej uas ntseeg tau rau kev tshawb fawb, xws li cov uas koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau los ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv databases. Tsis txhob cia siab rau cov vev xaib zoo li wikipedia lossis koj tus kheej kev paub ntawm lub sijhawm, vim ob qho no yuav ua tsis tiav lossis tsis raug.
Piv txwv li, yog tias koj kawm zaj dab neeg luv luv "The Yellow Wallpaper," los ntawm Charlotte Perkins Gilman, koj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm tham txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm poj niam nyob rau xyoo pua puv 19. kev coj noj coj ua hauv ib puag ncig ntawm nws lub sijhawm uas hais txog tias poj niam qhov chaw yog raws li tus poj niam thiab niam. Nws qhov kev sib cav yog tias cov txheej txheem no ua rau cov txiv neej thiab poj niam - qhov no yog qee yam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau koj los tham thaum tham txog nws cov haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv tseeb, thiab ib qho uas koj yuav tsis paub yog tias koj tsuas yog ua yeeb yam ntawm "kev paub ib txwm muaj" ntawm lub sijhawm
Txoj Kev 4 ntawm 5: Ua Cov Lus Tseem Ceeb rau Paj Huam
Kauj Ruam 1. Paub hom paj huam koj tab tom nyeem
Qee zaum paub hom paj huam koj tab tom kawm, xws li sonnet, lossis sestina, lossis haiku, yog qhov tseem ceeb heev kom koj tuaj yeem tham txog nws lub ntsiab lus. Koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab yam paj huam uas koj tab tom nyeem los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov txheej txheem sib dhos (lus sib dhos ntawm qhov kawg ntawm txhua kab) thiab ntsuas (tus lej "taw" ntawm paj huam txhua kab muaj).
- Piv txwv li, Edna St. Vincent Millay qhia tias nws nyuaj npaum li cas los sau paj huam hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Kuv Yuav Muab Chaos rau Plaub Kaum Kab." Paub tias cov paj huam no yog sonnet txog kev sau sonnets yuav pab koj piav qhia ib feem ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm cov paj huam no: los tsim me ntsis ntawm "chaos" niaj hnub no hauv daim ntawv qub qub thiab paub tab. Nkag siab tias Millay siv cov txheej txheem Petrarchan zaj nkauj sib dhos thiab ntau txoj kab nws sau yog iambic pentameter (uas txhais tau tias lub suab yog qee yam xws li "ta-TUM ta-TUM ta-TUM ta-TUM ta-TUM") yuav pab koj txheeb xyuas zaj paj huam no ua sonnet.
- Ntau tus kws sau paj huam niaj hnub sau kab dawb, tab sis qhov ntawd tsis tau txhais hais tias lawv tsis ua tib zoo mloog lawv cov paj huam. Nrhiav cov ntsiab lus xws li kev hais lus sib luag, qhov sib txawv, rov hais dua, ua rau luag nyiam, thiab sib dhos hauv kab paj huam dawb, ib yam li koj yuav tshuaj xyuas paj huam nrog cov qauv tsim dua.
Kauj Ruam 2. Txheeb tus neeg hais lus thiab tus mloog zaj paj huam yog ua tau
Qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov paj huam hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev ua yeeb yam monologues, qhov uas "tsis" tus neeg hais lus sawv cev rau tus kws sau paj huam. Felicia Hemans, Robert Browning, thiab Alfred, Lord Tennyson, txhua tus sau ua ib zaj dab neeg los ntawm kev xav ntawm cov cim, uas txawv ntawm lawv tus kheej.
Txheeb xyuas tus neeg hais lus hauv cov paj huam paj huam tuaj yeem nyuaj heev, xws li hauv cov paj huam sau los ntawm kws sau paj huam xws li Wordsworth lossis John Keats, vim hais tias cov paj huam no feem ntau yog sau thawj tus neeg, yam tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm tus hais lus thiab kws sau paj huam. Qhov tseeb, hauv cov paj huam sau nrog thawj tus neeg hais xws li "Kuv" ib txwm hais txog tus neeg hais lus ua tus hais lus nws tus kheej, tsis yog kws sau paj huam
Kauj Ruam 3. Sau tag nrho cov cim hauv zaj paj huam thiab qhov chaw uas lawv tshwm sim
Raws li hauv kev sau paj huam, cim ua piv txwv tshwm sim txhua lub sijhawm hauv paj huam. Ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov ntsiab lus, tshwj xeeb yog yam zoo li xim lossis cov duab zoo nkauj.
- Piv txwv, hauv William Wordsworth zaj paj huam "Tintern Abbey", lub qhov muag yog lub cim tseem ceeb sawv cev rau ntau yam, suav nrog tus kws sau paj huam txoj kev xav. Wordsworth feem ntau yuav ua si ntawm lub suab zoo sib xws rau kev hais tawm ntawm kuv thiab qhov muag, qhia ntxiv txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus.
- Cov cim yog thoob plaws qhov chaw hauv zaj paj huam epic Beowulf los ntawm Anglo-Saxon lub sijhawm. Ib lub cim tseem ceeb yog Heorot chav, uas yog King Hrothgar lub tsev zoo nkauj heev. Heorot ua piv txwv txog zej zog, siab tawv, sov siab, nyab xeeb, muaj nyiaj txiag thiab kab lis kev cai, yog li thaum Grendel tawm tsam Heorot thiab tua cov tub rog tsaug zog nyob ntawd, nws tau tswj hwm txhua yam hauv Scylders lub neej.
Kauj Ruam 4. Nco ntsoov tias koj tsis tas yuav cim tag nrho cov paj huam uas koj kawm
Tsuas yog xyuas kom koj paub cov hauv paus, xws li cov qauv ntawm cov paj huam, cov ntsiab lus, thiab tag nrho cov tswv yim lossis cov dab neeg.
Qee zaum nco qab ob peb kab ntawv tseem ceeb los ntawm paj huam tuaj yeem pab koj siv lawv ua pov thawj. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj tab tom kawm Walt Whitman cov paj huam Leaves of Grass, tej zaum koj yuav xav nco cov kab lus luv luv "tso tseg qhov ua phem rau koj tus kheej; thiab koj lub cev nqaij daim tawv yuav yog paj huam zoo. " Cov lus luv luv no suav nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv dav, thiab siv lawv hauv kev xeem tuaj yeem pab koj txhawb koj li kev thov
Kauj Ruam 5. Nrhiav cov ntsiab lus rau koj cov paj huam
Cov ntsiab lus tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau paj huam raws li nws yog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv tseeb lossis ua yeeb yam. Paub txog hom teeb meem tus kws sau paj huam tau sim nthuav qhia tuaj yeem pab koj nkag siab lub hom phiaj ntawm zaj paj huam.
Cov ntsiab lus ntsiab lus tseem tuaj yeem pab tau kom koj tsis txhob ua cov lus tsis tseeb txog paj huam. Piv txwv, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias tsis yog txhua yam ntawm Shakespeare cov sonnets tau sau rau cov poj niam, vim tias lub sijhawm ntawd, tus qauv rau sonnet yog rau cov poj niam. Hauv Shakespeare, feem ntau ntawm nws cov haujlwm tau sau rau "cov tub hluas zoo nraug" lossis cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj nyiaj uas nyiam tus kws sau paj huam ua tib zoo mloog lossis tej zaum yog kev hlub
Txoj Kev 5 ntawm 5: Tiv Thaiv Cov Ntawv ຍາກ
Kauj Ruam 1. Rov nyeem cov kab lus uas koj tsis nkag siab
Cov kws sau ntawv yuav siv cov lus txawv txawv los tsim kev muaj zog rau lub siab ntawm cov neeg nyeem, tshwj xeeb hauv paj huam. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau tsis meej pem thaum xub thawj, tab sis maj mam thiab ua tib zoo nyeem nws yuav tau them zoo.
Nrhiav cov ntawv hauv qab thiab lwm yam kev pab. Txog cov phau ntawv kho rau cov tub ntxhais kawm, cov neeg kho feem ntau suav nrog cov ntawv hauv qab, cov lus txhais, thiab lwm yam kev pab uas tuaj yeem pab koj nkag siab tias muaj dab tsi tshwm sim. Tsis txhob quav ntsej qhov no! Qhov no tuaj yeem pab tshem tawm qhov nyeem tsis meej pem
Kauj Ruam 2. Zam kev nyeem nrawm
Txawm hais tias koj nyeem paj huam lossis ua yeeb yam, nyeem lawv txhua qhov tseem ceeb heev. Kev hla dhau qee yam xws li theem cues hauv Shakespeare cov yeeb yaj kiab tuaj yeem ua rau koj nco cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb. Cov lus hauv cov paj huam raug xaiv thiab teeb tsa kom raug kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo, yog li hla ib lo lus lossis ob qho tuaj yeem cuam tshuam koj qhov kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntawv.
Kauj Ruam 3. Nyeem nrov nrov
Cov txheej txheem no ua haujlwm zoo rau paj huam thiab ua yeeb yam, tab sis koj tseem tuaj yeem siv nws ntev, ntom nyeem cov kab lus ntawm kab lus hauv ib qho tshiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias cov ntawv tshiab zoo li tshiab los ntawm Charles Dickens, uas muaj kab lus mus txog ib kab lus ntev. Nyeem cov lus nrov yuav pab koj paub txog cov ntsiab lus xws li kev sib dhos, kev hais lus sib luag, thiab rov ua dua. Txhua yam no yuav raug nug hauv koj qhov kev xeem.
Kauj Ruam 4. Tsim daim npav daim duab
Yog tias koj muaj teeb meem nco qee yam, ua daim npav daim duab. Qee zaum hloov cov khoom siv los ntawm ib nrab mus rau lwm qhov (piv txwv li, los ntawm sau ntawv mus rau daim npav daim duab) yuav pab koj kawm tau zoo dua.
Daim npav daim duab yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb rau kev nco txog yam xws li cov ntsiab lus sau ntawv thiab cov npe cim. Daim npav daim duab yuav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev nco qab cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj
Lub tswv yim
- Siv lub cim cim cim cim kab lus tseem ceeb kom lawv pom meej meej thaum koj nyeem lawv.
- Rov nyeem cov ntawv kom ntau li ntau tau.
- Ua koj cov ntawv sau ua daim duab kab laug sab lossis daim duab qhia chaw, vim cov duab no tuaj yeem pab koj nco cov ntawv tseem ceeb yooj yim dua.
- Koj tuaj yeem siv cov lus qhia zoo li SparkNotes, York Notes, Shmoop, thiab lwm yam. Cov kws qhia ntawv feem ntau kuj tseem paub txog cov lus qhia no thiab lawv yuav tsis txaus siab yog tias koj qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tsis muaj ib yam zoo dua.
Ceeb toom
- Tsis txhob cia li nyeem cov ntsiab lus lossis tom qab ntawm phau ntawv. Nyeem tag nrho tsab ntawv.
- Tsis txhob cia li cim dab neeg. Koj kuj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas zaj dab neeg.
