Ntau lub koom haum siv APA (American Psychological Association) rau kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv kev tshawb fawb. Hom ntawv no hais txog kev sib luag kom lub npe pib hloov thawj lub npe ntawm tus sau ntawm cov ntawv. APA tseem muaj cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no yog li hnub tau teev tseg ua ntej hauv qhov kev hais tawm. Pib los ntawm kev teeb tsa cov ntawv hauv kab lus ua ntej, tom qab ntawd tsim cov npe siv los ntawm kev teev cov npe phau ntawv, cov ntawv xov xwm, thiab lwm qhov chaw.
Kauj ruam
Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 3: Suav Phau Ntawv
Kauj Ruam 1. Siv tus sau lub xeem los tsim cov npe siv nkag
Hauv APA style, koj tsuas yog siv lub npe thiab lub xeem lub npe. Ua raws li tus neeg sau lub xeem nrog tus lej, tom qab ntawd suav cov npe ntawm thawj thiab nruab nrab lub npe (yog tias ob qho xav tau).
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Piv txwv li, koj qhov kev nkag mus yuav zoo li no:
Rau, R. G
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Yog tias lub hauv paus muaj ntau dua ib tus sau, cais txhua lub npe nrog tus lej cim thiab tus cim.
Ford, RG, Macintosh, J. P., & Rose, P. M
Kauj Ruam 2. Ntxiv xyoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm
Muab lub xyoo tso rau hauv kab ntawv, thiab txuas ntxiv nrog lub sijhawm. Koj tuaj yeem pom xyoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm nyob rau pem hauv ntej lossis tom qab ntawm nplooj ntawv npe.
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Koj qhov kev nkag mus yuav zoo li no:
Ford, RG (2015)
Kauj Ruam 3. Suav nrog lub npe ntawm phau ntawv tom qab nws
Ntaus lub npe hauv kab ntawv italic. Siv cov kab lus ua tus peev txheej uas xav kom koj ua tus peev nyiaj tsuas yog thawj lo lus (thiab lub npe). Cov peev txheej no tseem suav nrog kev sau ua ntej ntawm lo lus tom qab txoj hnyuv.
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Koj qhov kev tsocai yuav zoo li no:
Ford, RG (2015). Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nyom nyom
Kauj Ruam 4. Sau qhov chaw nyob thiab lub npe ntawm tus tshaj tawm
Ntxiv lub nroog ntawm kev tshaj tawm, tus lej, thiab lub xeev cov ntawv luv (yog tias muaj). Tom qab ntawv, nkag mus rau kab lus thiab ntaus lub npe ntawm tus tshaj tawm. Ntxig lub sijhawm tom qab lub npe tshaj tawm.
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Tam sim no, koj daim ntawv teev npe nkag yuav tsum zoo li no:
Ford, RG (2015). Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nyom nyom. Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon
- Cov lus sau nkag no ua tiav yog tias koj tsis muaj lwm cov ntaub ntawv.
Kauj Ruam 5. Ntxiv phau ntawv tom qab lub npe yog tias phau ntawv siv yog tsab ntawv thib ob lossis tom qab
Nkag mus rau tus lej tus lej hauv kab ntawv (piv txwv li "2nd, 3rd, thiab lwm tus" lossis "thib ob, thib peb, plaub" rau Indonesian) thiab cov ntawv luv "ed." (yog tias koj sau kab lus/sau ntawv ua lus Askiv). Suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm ua ntej lub ntsiab lus kawg hauv phau ntawv npe. Koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm tom qab ntawm nplooj ntawv lub npe nplooj ntawv.
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Cov lus nkag nkag yuav zoo li no:
Ford, RG (2015). Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov nyom ntuj (3rd ed.). Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon. Los yog rau Indonesian: Ford, RG (2015). Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov nyom ntuj (thib peb ed.). Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon
Kauj Ruam 6. Muab lub npe ntawm tus neeg txhais lus tom qab lub npe ntawm phau ntawv (yog tias muaj)
Sau lub npe ntawm tus neeg txhais lus hauv cov kab ntawv nrog lub npe, tom qab ntawd lub xeem). Ntxiv cov ntawv luv "Trans." tom qab tus neeg txhais lus lub npe. Cov ntaub ntawv txhais lus tau ntxiv tom qab qhov kawg ntawm phau ntawv npe.
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Koj daim ntawv thov nkag yuav tsum zoo li no:
Ford, RG (2015). Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nyom nyom. (Frank Roberts, Trans.). Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon
Kauj Ruam 7. Tsim cov ntawv hauv kab lus
Cov lus hais no tau ntxig rau hauv kab lus uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv siv. Siv tus sau lub xeem, ob qho tib si hauv kab lus thiab hauv kab lus hais ua ntej lub cim cim cim cim kawg. Tom qab ntawd, nkag mus rau xyoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm, tus lej cim, thiab tus lej nplooj ntawv ("p." Rau Askiv thiab "p." Rau Indonesian). Thaum cov nplooj ntawv tsis tas yuav tshwj tsis yog tias koj ntxiv cov lus ncaj qha, nws yog lub tswv yim zoo los suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv no ib yam nkaus.
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Koj qhov kev tsocai yuav zoo li no:
Raws li tau hais los ntawm Ford (2015, p. 124), AstroTurf tsis yog lwm txoj kev nyom zoo
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Thaum kawg ntawm kab lus, nqe lus zoo li no:
AstroTurf tsis yog lwm txoj hauv kev rau cov nyom ib txwm muaj (Ford, 2015, p. 124)
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Yog tias koj xav tau sau ntau tus kws sau ntawv, ua cov lus hais zoo li no:
Raws li Ford, Macintosh, & Rose (2015, p. 88), AstroTurf tuaj yeem ua phem rau cov neeg ua si
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Tom qab thawj nqe lus nrog ntau tus sau phau ntawv lub npe, sau nqe lus tom ntej zoo li no:
Raws li Ford li al. (2015, p. 75), AstroTurf tsis zoo heev. Nco tseg: rau lus Askiv, "lwm yam" tuaj yeem hloov mus rau "li al."
Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 3: Tsim Cov Ntawv Teev Npe Rau Cov Ntawv Xov Xwm
Kauj Ruam 1. Pib nrog tus sau lub xeem, tom qab ntawv pib ntawm nws thawj lub npe rau cov npe siv nkag
Ib yam li cov ntawv nkag, siv tus sau lub xeem thaum pib. Ntxig tus lej cim nruab nrab ntawm lub xeem thiab lub npe ntawm lub npe. Ntxiv nruab nrab qhov pib yog pom hauv, lossis lub npe nruab nrab.
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Cov nplooj ntawv nkag nkag yuav zoo li no:
Cole, IB
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Yog tias cov ntawv sau tau sau los ntawm ntau dua ib tus sau, sau tag nrho cov sau phau ntawv lub npe thiab cais lawv siv tus lej thiab cim thiab cim. Tsuas yog siv thawj lub npe thiab npe nruab nrab, zoo li no:
Cole, BR, Jackson, GH, & Briar, J. P
Kauj Ruam 2. Ntxiv xyoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm
Ntxig lub xyoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm hauv kab lus. Feem ntau, koj tuaj yeem pom xyoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv thaum pib ntawm kab lus lossis phau ntawv xov xwm kab ntawv kab lus nkag. Ntxiv ib lub sijhawm tom qab kaw kab lus.
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Koj qhov nkag nkag yuav tsum zoo li no:
Cole, B. R. (2010)
Kauj Ruam 3. Nkag mus rau lub npe ntawm tsab ntawv xov xwm
Tsis txhob luam cov npe hauv cov ntawv qaij, thiab ua kab lus loj. Qhov no txhais tau tias koj tsuas yog sau thawj tsab ntawv ntawm thawj lo lus, koj lub npe, thiab thawj lo lus tom qab txoj hnyuv.
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Tam sim no, koj qhov kev nkag nkag yuav tsum zoo li qhov no:
Cole, B. R. (2010). Vim li cas peb yuav tsum siv nyom rau kev ua si
Kauj Ruam 4. Ntxiv lub npe phau ntawv teev npe tom qab cov npe kab lus
Sau cov npe phau ntawv teev npe, thiab ntaus cov ntawv italic. Siv tus lej cim tom qab lub npe sau npe.
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Koj qhov nkag nkag yuav tsum zoo li qhov no:
Cole, B. R. (2010). Vim li cas peb yuav tsum siv nyom rau kev ua si. Cov Ntawv Ua Si Hauv Chaw Ua Si,
Kauj Ruam 5. Nkag mus rau ntim, tso tawm, thiab/lossis tus lej nplooj ntawv
Ntau phau ntawv xov xwm tau muab faib ua pawg. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, nkag mus rau tus lej ntim hauv cov ntawv qaij, ntxiv tus lej, thiab tom qab ntawd ntaus tus lej nplooj ntawv ntawm kab lus. Lwm cov ntawv xov xwm raug tso tawm los ntawm tus lej. Txog rau phau ntawv xov xwm zoo li no, nkag mus rau cov lej ntim hauv cov ntawv qaij, tus lej tso tawm hauv kab ntawv (tsis muaj ntawv qaij), thiab tus lej nplooj ntawv.
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Rau cov ntawv xov xwm pawg los ntawm ntim, koj nkag mus yuav zoo li no:
Cole, B. R. (2010). Vim li cas peb yuav tsum siv nyom rau kev ua si. Sports Field Journal, 66, 859-863
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Rau cov ntawv xov xwm pawg los ntawm cov ntawv tso tawm, tsim cov ntaub ntawv nkag zoo li no:
Cole, B. R. (2010). Vim li cas peb yuav tsum siv nyom rau kev ua si. Sports Field Journal, 16 (6), 20-16
- Yog tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv koj muaj, daim ntawv tsocai ua tiav.
Kauj Ruam 6. Ntxiv tus lej DOI yog tias muaj
Cov ntawv feem ntau muaj tus lej DOI lossis tus cim khoom siv digital. Tus lej no zoo ib yam li tus lej ISBN, tab sis rau cov ntawv xov xwm. Cov ntawv xov xwm tshiab feem ntau muaj tus lej ntawd, tab sis yog cov ntawv sau uas koj siv tsis muaj tus lej DOI, koj tsis tas yuav ntxiv nws.
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Tam sim no koj daim ntawv yuav tsum zoo li no:
Cole, B. R. (2010). Vim li cas peb yuav tsum siv nyom rau kev ua si. Sports Field Journal, 66, 859-863. ua: 10.1434234234
Kauj Ruam 7. Siv lub vev xaib txuas rau kab lus hauv online uas tsis muaj tus lej DOI
URLs pab cov nyeem pom cov kab lus uas koj siv. Ntxiv kab lus "Rov qab los ntawm" (lossis "Nkag los ntawm" hauv Indonesian) thiab qhov chaw nyob URL ntawm qhov kawg ntawm kev nkag mus.
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Txog cov kab lus nrog rau URL nkag mus rau pej xeem, koj nkag mus yuav zoo li no:
Cole, B. R. (2010). Vim li cas peb yuav tsum siv nyom rau kev ua si. Sports Field Journal, 66, 859-863. Tau txais los ntawm
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Yog tias cov ntawv nyeem tsis muaj URL nkag mus rau pej xeem, siv phau ntawv xov xwm nplooj ntawv tseem ceeb:
Cole, B. R. (2010). Vim li cas peb yuav tsum siv nyom rau kev ua si. Sports Field Journal, 66, 859-863. Tau txais los ntawm
Kauj Ruam 8. Ua cov kab lus hauv kab lus rau kab lus uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv siv
Yog tias koj siv tus sau lub xeem hauv kab lus, koj tsis tas yuav ntxiv nws ntxiv hauv nqe lus. Tsuas yog tso ib nqe lus tom qab nws lub xeem. Txwv tsis pub, sau tus sau lub xeem, tus lej, xyoo tshaj tawm, tus lej cim, thiab tus lej nplooj ntawv nyob rau hauv kab lus tom kawg ntawm kab lus. Koj yuav tsum suav nrog cov lej nplooj ntawv yog tias tso cov lus ncaj qha. Txwv tsis pub, cov ntaub ntawv tus lej nplooj ntawv yog nyob ntawm yeem.
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Yog tias tus sau lub npe twb tau hais hauv kab lus lawm, koj cov lus yuav zoo li no:
Raws li tau hais los ntawm Cole (2013, p. 45), AstroTurf tsis haum rau txheej txheej
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Thaum kawg ntawm kab lus, nqe lus yuav zoo li no:
AstroTurf tsis yog qhov hloov pauv tau zoo rau cov nyom tiag (Ford, 2015, p. 124)
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Yog tias koj xav tau sau ntau tus kws sau ntawv, ua cov lus hais zoo li no:
Raws li Cole, Jackson, & Briar (2014, p. 58), AstroTurf tsis haum rau cov hom phiaj
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Tom qab thawj qhov kev suav nrog ntau tus kws sau ntawv, siv "li al." los yog "lwm yam" rau nqe lus tom ntej:
Raws li Cole li al. (2014, p. 66), AstroTurf yog teeb meem rau cov neeg ncaws pob
Txoj Kev 3 ntawm 3: Tsim Lwm Cov Ntawv Sau Npe
Kauj Ruam 1. Cais cov ntawv sau hauv phau ntawv nrog rau cov ntawv xov xwm rau cov npe siv nkag
Thaum koj yuav tsis suav tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tib yam, cov ntawv sau hauv phau ntawv muaj tib hom ntawv citation. Siv tus sau lub npe, hnub tim, thiab lub npe ntawm cov ntawv sau, tom qab ntawd ntxiv lub npe ntawm phau ntawv. Ntxiv lo lus "Hauv" (Lus Askiv) lossis "Hauv" (Indonesian) thiab cov npe ntawm cov neeg kho, tom qab ntawd muaj tus lej cim thiab lub npe ntawm phau ntawv. Tom qab ntawd, suav nrog qhov chaw nyob thiab tus tshaj tawm phau ntawv.
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Kev nkag nkag rau qhov kev sau ntawv yuav zoo li no:
Braxton, NC (2011). Nrhiav qhov chaw ua si raug. Hauv JL Washington thiab M. P. Hicks (Kho), AstroTurf piv rau cov nyom tiag: Teeb meem (55-74). Miami, Oklahoma: Xov Xwm Hauv Nroog Me
- Koj yuav tsum nkag mus "Eds." (lossis "Cov Kws Kho Mob" rau Indonesian) hauv kab lus los qhia rau cov neeg nyeem tias cov npe saum toj no yog cov kws kho. Tus lej qhia hauv kab lus tom qab lub npe (hauv kab ntawv) yog tus lej nplooj ntawv rau cov lus sau hauv phau ntawv.
Kauj Ruam 2. Nco ntsoov tias cov ntaub ntawv uas tau siv tsis tau tshaj tawm (yog tias koj xav hais tawm)
Ntau zaus, koj yuav tsum tau hais tawm cov lus piav qhia zoo li phau ntawv, tab sis ntxiv cov kab lus "Tsis tau tshaj tawm cov kws tshaj lij" (lossis "Tshaj tawm tsis tau tshaj tawm") hauv kab ntawv tom qab lub npe yog tias tsis tau tshaj tawm. Tom qab ntawd, sau lub npe ntawm lub tsev haujlwm, tus lej cim, thiab nws qhov chaw nyob.
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Lub hauv paus nkag nkag yuav zoo li no:
Chaw nres nkoj, LR (2010). Astroturf thiab thaj chaw ua si (Tshaj tawm tsis tau tshaj tawm). Tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
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Yog tias cov lus tshaj tawm tau tshaj tawm, suav nrog "Cov kws qhia ntawv" (lossis "Doctoral dissertation"), lub sijhawm, kab lus "Rov qab los ntawm" thiab cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg. Koj kuj xav tau tus lej nkag los lossis tus lej sib txuas (hauv kab ntawv), zoo li no:
Nqe, H. F. (2012). Vim li cas AstroTurf yuav tsum raug txwv tsis pub ua (Cov kws kho mob hais tawm). Nkag mus los ntawm Cov Chaw Ncaws Pob Hauv Ntiaj Teb Database. (244412321) Cov
Kauj Ruam 3. Ntxiv lub npe ntawm lub koom haum ua ntej yog lub koom haum yog tus sau
Qee cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm thiab ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm cov koom haum lossis tuam txhab. Hloov chaw ntawm tus kheej cov npe, siv cov npe koom haum. Yog tias daim ntawv muaj tus neeg sau cais, suav nrog nws lub npe tom kawg ntawm qhov kev hais tawm, tom qab qhov chaw tshaj tawm.
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Koj qhov kev tsocai yuav zoo li no:
Lub Koom Haum rau Kev Ua Si Zoo Tshaj Plaws. (2009). Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev raug mob hla ntau hom haujlwm. Eugene, Oregon: GH Roberts
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Ua raws tib txoj hauv kev rau tsoomfwv cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis ntxiv cov ntawv tshaj tawm (hauv kab ntawv) tom qab lub npe, thiab ntxig rau tus tshaj tawm thaum kawg ntawm qhov nkag:
National Institute of Sports. (2001). Kawm ntau yam ntawm cov nyom rau kev ua si (DHHS Kev Tshaj Tawm No. ADM 553234-131). Washington, DC: Tebchaws Asmeskas Tsoom Fwv Lub Chaw Haujlwm Luam Ntawv
Kauj Ruam 4. Ntxiv qhov URL thaum kawg ntawm qhov kev txiav tawm rau nplooj ntawv web
Yog tias koj tab tom siv daim ntawv tshaj qhia online lossis cov ntaub ntawv, sau tus sau lub npe thiab hnub tim tshaj tawm ua ntej. Tom qab ntawd, nkag mus rau kab ntawv npe hauv kab ntawv kab ntawv. Thaum kawg, ntxiv kab lus "Rov qab los ntawm" thiab URL ntawm nplooj ntawv.
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Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem tsim qhov nkag zoo li no:
Vicks, HR & Jackson, GH (2014). Qhov zoo ntawm AstroTurf. Tau txais los ntawm
Kauj Ruam 5. Ntxiv cov kab lus hauv kab lus los hais kab lus
Thaum tsim cov lus sau hauv kab lus, koj tuaj yeem siv tus sau lub npe hauv kab lus. Hauv qhov no, qhov kev sau npe raug ntxiv tom qab tus sau lub npe (hauv kab lus), yam tsis muaj tus sau lub xeem. Txwv tsis pub, qhov kev hais tawm tau muab tso rau hauv kab lus ntawm qhov kawg ntawm kab lus. Sau tus sau lub xeem, tus lej, hnub tshaj tawm, tus lej, thiab tus lej nplooj ntawv. Siv cov lej nplooj ntawv yog tias koj ntxiv cov lus ncaj qha. Txwv tsis pub, koj tsis tas yuav suav cov lej nplooj ntawv, tab sis nws yuav zoo dua yog tias lawv tau ntxiv.
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Yog tias tus sau lub npe twb tau ntxiv rau hauv kab lus, siv hom ntawv no:
Raws li Ford (2015, p. 124), AstroTurf tsis yog lwm txoj hauv kev nyom
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Thaum kawg ntawm kab lus, nqe lus yuav zoo li no:
AstroTurf tsis yog qhov hloov pauv tau zoo rau cov nyom tiag (Ford, 2015, p. 124)
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Yog tias koj xav tau ntxiv ntau tus kws sau ntawv, sau cov npe zoo li no:
Raws li Ford, Macintosh, & Rose (2015, p. 88), AstroTurf tuaj yeem ua phem rau cov neeg ua si
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Tom qab thawj qhov kev suav nrog ntau tus kws sau ntawv, ntxig "li al." los yog "lwm yam" (rau Indonesian) hauv nqe lus tom ntej:
Raws li Ford li al. (2015, p. 75), AstroTurf tsis zoo heev
Lub tswv yim
- Yog tias koj xav tau cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv, saib Phau Ntawv Tshaj Tawm ntawm American Psychological Association lossis Purdue's Online Writing Lab kab lus ntawm
- Koj kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv lub vev xaib tsim lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis zoo xws li https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/, https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/citationbuilder/, lossis txawm tias ua haujlwm lo lus ntawm lub khoos phis tawj.
