Hauv social sciences, American Psychological Association (APA) citation method or style is usually used in the process of writing research articles. Yog tias koj siv phau ntawv los siv, muaj cov txheej txheem yooj yim rau qhov kev hais tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, hom ntawv siv sib txawv yog tias koj nkag mus hauv phau ntawv los ntawm is taws nem, lossis yog tias phau ntawv siv yog txhais phau ntawv los ntawm lwm hom lus. Koj kuj yuav tsum siv hom ntawv sib txawv yog tias koj tab tom txheeb xyuas ib tsab xov xwm lossis tshooj hauv phau ntawv raug kho, thiab tsis yog phau ntawv ua tiav.
Kauj ruam
Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 3: Tsim Yooj Yim Nkag Rau Cov Npe Siv
Kauj Ruam 1. Pib nkag nrog tus sau lub npe
Cov ntawv nkag hauv cov npe siv feem ntau pib nrog tus sau lub xeem. Tom qab lub npe tas, ntxig tus lej cim thiab nkag mus rau lub npe pib ntawm tus sau lub npe thiab nruab nrab.
- Piv txwv li: "Doe, J. H."
- Yog tias muaj ob tus neeg sau, cais cov npe nrog lub cim thiab "&" ("Doe, JH & Rowell, LC"). Rau cov phau ntawv uas muaj peb lossis ntau tus sau, cais txhua lub npe nrog tus lej cim thiab ntxig rau thiab (“&”) ua ntej tus sau lub xeem (xws li “Doe, JH, Rowell, L. C & Hoffman, MA”). Sau cov npe hauv qhov kev txiav txim uas lawv tshwm ntawm lub npog lossis nplooj ntawv npe ntawm phau ntawv.
- Yog tias koj hais txog kev ua haujlwm txhais lus, lub npe uas yuav tsum nkag mus yog lub npe ntawm tus sau thawj, tsis yog tus txhais lus lub npe.
- Yog tias tsis muaj tus sau lossis tus hloov npe lub npe cov ntaub ntawv, tsuas yog tshem tawm ntu no. Txawm li cas los xij, ua ntej cov npe nkag nrog rau phau ntawv npe.
Kauj Ruam 2. Nkag mus rau xyoo tshaj tawm hauv kab lus
Tom qab lub sijhawm tom qab pib ntawm tus sau lub npe kawg, ntxig rau qhov chaw, tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau kab lus qhib thiab ntaus hauv lub xyoo uas phau ntawv tau luam tawm. Yog tias phau ntawv muaj ntau cov ntawv luam tawm, siv lub xyoo luam tawm ntawm tsab ntawv uas koj siv. Ntxiv cov kab lus kaw, tom qab ntawd ntxig ib lub sijhawm.
- Piv txwv li: "Doe, J. H. & Rowell, LC (2009)."
- Yog tias koj hais txog kev ua haujlwm txhais lus, siv xyoo ua haujlwm tau luam tawm, tsis yog lub xyoo uas phau ntawv tau luam tawm thawj zaug hauv hom lus qub.
- Yog tias phau ntawv tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv sau, sau lub xyoo luam tawm tom qab lub npe.
Kauj Ruam 3. Suav nrog lub npe ntawm phau ntawv hauv kab ntawv
Ntaus lub npe ntawm phau ntawv hauv kab lus loj (kab lus-rooj plaub). Qhov no txhais tau tias ua cov tsiaj ntawv thawj zaug tsuas yog thawj lo lus thiab hauv lub npe nws tus kheej. Yog tias phau ntawv muaj cov ntawv me me, suav nrog lawv nrog cov peev txheej qub. Muab lub sijhawm nyob rau qhov kawg ntawm lub npe.
Piv txwv li: "Doe, J. H. & Rowell, LC (2009). Tuaj txog tsev rau Christmas: Cov dab neeg hais txog kev ua neej hauv tsev kawm qib siab."
Kauj Ruam 4. Sau lub npe ntawm phau ntawv yog tias tsim nyog
Thaum hais tawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog phau ntawv kev kawm, cov ntawv nyeem tau raug hloov kho. Yog tias koj tab tom txheeb xyuas phau ntawv uas muaj ntau tsab ntawv luam tawm, suav nrog cov ntawv luam tawm (hauv kab ntawv) tom qab lub npe, tom qab ntawv luv "ed." Rau Indonesian, koj tuaj yeem siv "Xth tsab ntawv" hom ntawv. Ntxig rau kab lus kaw thiab ntxiv lub sijhawm tom qab nws.
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Piv txwv li: "Doe, J. H. & Rowell, LC (2009). Tuaj txog tsev rau Christmas: Cov dab neeg hais txog kev kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab (2nd ed.)."
Piv txwv hauv Indonesian: "Doe, J. H. & Rowell, LC (2009). Tuaj txog tsev rau Christmas: Cov dab neeg hais txog kev kawm qib siab (2nd ed.)
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Yog tias koj nkag mus rau phau ntawv ntawm tus nyeem ntawv hluav taws xob (piv txwv li Kindle), hais txog cov ntawv hluav taws xob ntawm phau ntawv (hauv kab lus) tom qab lub npe. Piv txwv li: "Tetlock, PE, & Gardner, D. (2015). Superforecasting: Kev kos duab thiab txuj ci ntawm kev twv ua ntej [Kindle Paperwhite version]."
Piv txwv hauv Indonesian: "Tetlock, PE, & Gardner, D. (2015). Superforecasting: Kev kos duab thiab txuj ci ntawm kev twv ua ntej [Kindle Paperwhite version]."
Kauj Ruam 5. Sau lub npe ntawm tus kws kho lossis txhais lus yog tias muaj
Rau cov phau ntawv uas tsis yog tsuas yog tus sau cov ntaub ntawv tab sis kuj yog cov kho lossis txhais lus, sau lawv cov npe tom qab lub npe thiab tus lej luam tawm. Siv tib txoj cai raws li tus sau lub npe thaum qhia lub npe ntawm tus kws sau lossis tus sau. Txawm li cas los xij, txawv ntawm qhov kev txiav txim sau tus sau lub npe, ntaus lub npe ntawm lub npe ua ntej, tom qab ntawd lub xeem ntawm tus kws kho lossis tus txhais lus. Txuas ntxiv nrog txoj haujlwm tsim nyog/cov ntawv luv.
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Rau cov neeg kho: "Doe, J. H. & Rowell, LC (2009). Tuaj txog tsev rau Christmas: Cov dab neeg hais txog kev kawm qib siab (2nd ed.). R. Smith, H. G. Hernandez & C. H. Jacobs (Eds.).
Txog tus piv txwv Indonesian, koj tuaj yeem siv cov ntawv luv ("Ed."), Tsis hais tus naj npawb ntawm cov kws kho mob hais: "Doe, JH & Rowell, LC (2009). Tuaj txog tsev rau Christmas: Cov dab neeg hais txog kev kawm qib siab (twentieth ed). -2). R Smith, HG Hernandez & CH Jacobs (Ed.)
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Rau tus neeg txhais lus: "Fujimoto, H. (1998). Kawm ua si taiko nruas. (CJ Michaels, Trans.)."
Rau qhov piv txwv hauv Indonesian, koj tuaj yeem siv cov ntawv luv ib yam li lus Askiv
Kauj Ruam 6. Xaus qhov nkag nrog qhov chaw nyob thiab lub npe ntawm tus tshaj tawm
Yog tias phau ntawv tau tshaj tawm hauv Tebchaws Meskas, siv lub nroog lub npe thiab lub xeev cov ntawv luv (raws li siv cov ntawv sau luv luv) raws li cov ntaub ntawv qhia chaw. Yog tias phau ntawv luam tawm sab nraum Tebchaws Meskas, siv lub nroog lossis lub tebchaws. Sau tus nyuv, tom qab ntawd ntaus lub npe ntawm lub tuam txhab tshaj tawm phau ntawv.
Piv txwv li: "Doe, J. H. (2008). Tuaj txog tsev rau Christmas: Cov dab neeg hais txog tsev kawm qib siab. R. Smith (Ed.). Beavercreek, OH: Xov Xwm Hauv Nroog Me."
Kauj Ruam 7. Suav cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv yog tsim nyog
Yog tias phau ntawv koj tab tom hais yog txhais ua haujlwm, sau thawj hnub tshaj tawm (hauv kab ntawv) tom qab qhov chaw nyob thiab lub npe ntawm tus tshaj tawm. Txog e-phau ntawv, suav nrog kev nkag mus rau phau ntawv URL.
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Piv txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm txhais lus: "Tolstoy, L. (2006). Tsov rog thiab kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. (A. Briggs, Trans.). New York, NY: Viking. (Thawj txoj haujlwm luam tawm xyoo 1865)."
Piv txwv hauv Indonesian: "Tolstoy, L. (2006). Tsov rog thiab kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. (A. Briggs, Trans.). New York, NY: Vikings. (Thawj txoj haujlwm luam tawm xyoo 1865)."
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Piv txwv ntawm e-book: "Post, E. (1923). Etiquette in society, in business, in politics, and at home. New York, NY: Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved from https://www.bartleby.com / 95/ ib.
Piv txwv hauv Indonesian: "Post, E. (1923). Etiquette in society, in business, in politics, and at home. New York, NY: Funk & Wagnalls. Take from https://www.bartleby.com/95/
Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 3: Xam Kab Lus lossis Tshooj Lus los ntawm Phau Ntawv Kho Kho
Kauj Ruam 1. Pib nrog tus kws sau kab lus lossis tshooj
Yog tias koj tab tom hais tawm ib tsab xov xwm los ntawm cov ntawv sau sau nrog ntau tus koom nrog, thiab tsis yog phau ntawv sau tag nrho los ntawm cov koom tes, sau lub npe ntawm tus pab cuam ntawm cov ntawv ntawd raws li tus sau lub npe. Ntaus tus sau lub xeem lub npe ua ntej, tom qab ntawv nws lub npe thawj thiab nruab nrab. Yog tias cov ntawv tau sau los ntawm ntau tus kws sau ntawv, cais lawv lub npe nrog tus lej thiab sau lo lus "thiab" ua ntej tus sau lub xeem lub npe.
- Rau ib tus kws sau ntawv: "Smith, R."
- Rau qee tus kws sau ntawv: "Smith, R., Henderson, P. H., & Truman, I. G."
Kauj Ruam 2. Suav lub xyoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm hauv kab lus
Cov ntaub ntawv no hais txog lub xyoo uas phau ntawv lossis ntim tau luam tawm, txawm hais tias tshooj lossis kab lus koj tau hais los yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm hauv lwm qhov xov xwm. Ntxig ib qhov chaw tom qab lub sijhawm tom qab pib ntawm tus sau lub npe, ntxiv kab lus qhib, nkag mus rau xyoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm, ntxiv cov kab lus kaw, thiab ntxig ib lub sijhawm.
Piv txwv li: "Smith, R. (1995)."
Kauj Ruam 3. Sau tshooj tshooj
Ntaus ib qho chaw thiab nkag mus rau lub npe ntawm kab lus lossis tshooj uas koj tau hais tawm. Siv cov tsiaj ntawv loj rau thawj tsab ntawv ntawm thawj lo lus thiab tsuas yog koj lub npe. Ntxig ib lub sijhawm tom qab lub npe.
Piv txwv li: "Smith, R. (1995). Zaj dab neeg tshiab pib
Kauj Ruam 4. Sau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog phau ntawv lossis ntim uas muaj kab lus lossis tshooj
Tshooj tom ntej yuav zoo li yog tias koj tau nkag mus rau phau ntawv siv ncaj qha, thiab theej nws mus rau hauv kab lus lossis tshooj nkag nkag. Pib nrog lub npe ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau lub npe ntawm phau ntawv hauv kab ntawv thiab kab lus ua kab lus loj (kab lus-kab lus). Tsis txhob ntxiv lub sijhawm mus rau qhov kawg ntawm phau ntawv npe.
- Piv txwv li: "Smith, R. (1995). Zaj dab neeg tshiab pib. Janeway, JL (Ed.) Npau suav txog lwm lub ntiaj teb"
- Rau cov phau ntawv nrog ntau tus neeg kho, ua raws tib txoj cai ib yam li thaum hais txog phau ntawv nrog ntau tus kws sau ntawv.
Kauj Ruam 5. Qhia tus lej nplooj ntawv ntawm tshooj tshooj lossis kab lus
Tom qab lub npe ntawm phau ntawv, ntxig qhov chaw thiab qhib kab lus. Siv cov ntawv luv "pp." (lossis "p." hauv Indonesian), thiab nkag mus rau nplooj ntawv uas muaj cov tshooj xaiv lossis kab lus hauv phau ntawv.
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Piv txwv li: "Smith, R. (1995). Zaj dab neeg tshiab pib. Janeway, J. L. (Ed.) Npau suav txog lwm lub ntiaj teb (phab 44-52)."
Piv txwv hauv Indonesian: "Smith, R. (1995). Zaj dab neeg tshiab pib. Janeway, JL (Ed.) Npau suav txog lwm lub ntiaj teb (phab 44-52)."
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Yog tias phau ntawv muaj ntau cov ntawv luam tawm, suav nrog cov lej luam nrog rau cov lej nplooj ntawv hauv tib lub npe. Piv txwv li: "Smith, R. (1995). Zaj dab neeg tshiab pib. Janeway, J. L. (Ed.) Npau suav txog lwm lub ntiaj teb (2nd ed., Pp. 44-52)."
Piv txwv hauv Indonesian: "Smith, R. (1995). Zaj dab neeg tshiab pib. Janeway, JL (Ed.) Npau suav txog lwm lub ntiaj teb (2nd ed., Pp. 44-52)."
Kauj Ruam 6. Xaus qhov nkag nrog qhov chaw nyob thiab lub npe ntawm tus tshaj tawm
Yog tias phau ntawv luam tawm hauv Tebchaws Meskas, suav nrog lub nroog lub npe thiab lub xeev cov ntawv luv (raws li siv lub npe luv luv), thiab cais ob qho nrog tus lej. Txog cov ntawv luam tawm sab nrauv Tebchaws Meskas, suav nrog lub nroog thiab lub tebchaws, thiab cais ob qho nrog tus lej. Ntxig cov nyuv, tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau lub npe ntawm lub tuam txhab tshaj tawm phau ntawv. Xaus qhov nkag nrog lub sijhawm.
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Piv txwv li: "Smith, R. (1995). Zaj dab neeg tshiab pib. Janeway, JL (Ed.) Npau suav txog lwm lub ntiaj teb (phab 44-52). New York: Xov Xwm Ywj Pheej."
Piv txwv hauv Indonesian: "Smith, R. (1995). Zaj dab neeg tshiab pib. Janeway, JL (Ed.) Npau suav txog lwm lub ntiaj teb (phab 44-52). New York: Xov Xwm Ywj Pheej."
Txoj Kev 3 ntawm 3: Tsim Cov Lus Hauv Cov Ntawv
Kauj Ruam 1. Siv tus ntawv sau hnub tim rau cov ntawv sau hauv kab ntawv
Ntxiv nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv nkag, thaum koj sau ib nqe lus uas hais txog cov ntaub ntawv hauv phau ntawv hais/nyeem, APA cov qauv ntawm kev hais kom koj xav ntxiv tus sau lub xeem thiab phau ntawv tshaj tawm hnub kawg ntawm kab lus. Muab ob daim ntawv xov xwm tso rau hauv kab lus, ua ntej kab lus.
- Piv txwv li: "(Doe, 2008).
- Rau cov phau ntawv nrog ob tus kws sau ntawv, cais cov npe nrog lub cim thiab cim (“&”). Piv txwv li: "(Doe & Rowell, 2008).
- Txog cov phau ntawv uas muaj peb lossis ntau tus sau, suav nrog txhua lub npe hauv thawj kab lus sau. Piv txwv li: "(Doe, Rowell, & Marsh, 2008). Hauv cov ntawv tom ntej, tsuas yog siv thawj tus neeg sau lub xeem, tom qab ntawv luv" thiab. al. "los yog" lwm yam " (rau Indonesian).
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Yog tias koj hais txog tus sau lub npe hauv kab lus, suav nrog xyoo tshaj tawm (hauv kab lus) tom qab lub npe. Piv txwv li: "Doe (2008) pom tias cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv uas tuaj txog rau Christmas feem ntau muaj teeb meem rov kho lub neej nrog lawv niam lawv txiv."
Piv txwv hauv Indonesian: "Doe (2008) pom tias cov tub ntxhais kawm uas mus tsev rau Christmas feem ntau nyuaj rau kev hloov kho lawv lub neej nrog lawv niam lawv txiv."
Kauj Ruam 2. Cais ntau yam haujlwm lossis phau ntawv nrog tus lej cim
Koj tuaj yeem suav nrog qhov tseeb lossis lus nug uas tau txhawb nqa los ntawm ntau phau ntawv hauv cov npe siv. Yog tias koj xav tau txheeb xyuas ntau dua ib txoj haujlwm lossis phau ntawv nyob rau hauv tib lub ntsej muag, ntxig ib semicolon nruab nrab ntawm lawv.
Piv txwv li: "(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)."
Kauj Ruam 3. Hom ntawv lub npe ntawm phau ntawv uas tau siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv hauv kab ntawv kom raug
Thaum hais txog phau ntawv hauv APA tus qauv hais, koj yuav tsum sau lub npe hauv daim ntawv teev npe hauv kab lus ua tus lej loj. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj hais txog lub npe ntawm phau ntawv hauv koj qhov kev sau, ua kom lub npe loj dua. Sau ua thawj tsab ntawv ntawm txhua lo lus uas muaj ntau dua 4 tsab ntawv.
- Muab cov npe ua haujlwm luv (piv txwv li tshooj lossis kab lus) hauv cov lus hais. Piv txwv li: "Zaj Dab Neeg Tshiab Daws"
- Yog tias koj siv lub npe ntawm phau ntawv tag nrho, ntaus lub npe hauv kab ntawv. Piv txwv li: Rov Los Tsev rau Christmas: Dab Neeg Hais Txog Tsev Kawm Qib Siab
Kauj Ruam 4. Ntxiv cov naj npawb nplooj ntawv rau cov lus ncaj qha lossis cov ntsiab lus sib piv
Yog tias koj suav nrog kev hais ncaj qha los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov peev txheej hauv koj daim ntawv teev cov neeg ua tim khawv, suav nrog cov nplooj ntawv uas muaj cov lus hais (hauv kab lus) tom kawg ntawm qhov kev hais tawm.
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Piv txwv li: Raws li Doe (2008), "cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv los txog tsev thaum so so muaj teeb meem rov ua raws li lawv niam lawv txiv txoj cai" (p. 24).
Piv txwv hauv Indonesian: Raws li Doe (2008), "cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv uas mus tsev thaum lub caij so kawm ntawv muaj teeb meem hloov kho raws li lawv niam lawv txiv txoj cai" (p. 24)
- Txawm hais tias qhov kev hais tawm nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm kab lus, tus naj npawb nplooj ntawv yuav tsum tau muab tso tom qab qhov kev tsocai.
