Thoob plaws hauv koj txoj kev kawm, koj yuav ib txwm yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas ntau cov ntawv. Txheeb xyuas cov ntawv koj tus kheej tuaj yeem ua rau txaus siab rau lub sijhawm, tab sis nws yooj yim dua thaum koj paub yuav ua li cas. Ua ntej txheeb xyuas cov ntawv, koj yuav tsum kawm nws kom zoo. Tom qab ntawd, kho qhov kev tshuaj xyuas kom phim cov ntawv tseeb lossis cov ntawv sau tsis tseeb. Thaum kawg, koj tuaj yeem sau qhov kev tshuaj xyuas yog tias tsim nyog.
Kauj ruam
Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 4: Kawm Ntawv
Kauj Ruam 1. Sau cov lus nug tseem ceeb lossis lub hom phiaj kev kawm rau cov ntawv
Feem ntau, qhov no yuav muab los ntawm koj tus kws qhia/kws qhia ntawv. Yog tias tsis yog, xav txog vim li cas koj thiaj nyeem cov ntawv, koj xav tshem dab tsi ntawm nws, thiab koj yuav siv nws li cas? Thaum koj nyeem, sim teb cov lus nug tseem ceeb lossis lub hom phiaj.
Suav nrog cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no lossis lub hom phiaj hauv cov ntawv sau txog cov ntawv
Kauj Ruam 2. Nyeem cov ntawv
Nws tuaj yeem nyuaj rau txheeb xyuas cov ntawv uas koj tsis tau nyeem. Nyeem cov ntawv maj mam thiab nthuav dav. Thaum koj nyeem, nrhiav cov ntsiab lus uas teb cov lus nug tseem ceeb lossis koj lub hom phiaj. Tej zaum koj yuav tsum tau nyeem cov ntawv ob peb zaug kom nkag siab tiag.
Thaum koj yuav tsum nyeem cov ntawv tsawg kawg ob zaug, qhov no yuav nyuaj dua rau cov ntawv ntev. Yog tias qhov no yog, koj tuaj yeem nyeem tsuas yog ntu nyuaj ntawm cov ntawv
Kauj Ruam 3. Qhia cov ntawv uas siv Highlighter thiab sau ntawv sau rau ntawm cov npoo
Annotating txhais tau tias cim cov ntawv kom pab koj nkag siab nws. Siv Highlighters ntawm cov xim sib txawv los qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv. Ib qho ntxiv, koj tuaj yeem kos kab hauv qab. Sau cov ntawv, cov tswv yim, thiab cov ntsiab lus luv luv hauv cov npoo ntawm cov ntawv.
- Piv txwv li, siv lub teeb ci daj los qhia lub tswv yim tseem ceeb thiab lub teeb ci txiv kab ntxwv los qhia txog cov ntsiab lus txhawb nqa.
- Rau cov ntawv sau tsis raug, siv cov xim sib txawv Highlighters rau ntu uas cuam tshuam nrog txhua tus cim tseem ceeb.
Kauj Ruam 4. Sau ntawv thaum koj nyeem
Suav nrog cov lus teb rau koj cov lus nug tseem ceeb lossis lub hom phiaj, cov tswv yim cov ntawv ua rau koj lub siab, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb los ntawm cov ntawv. Nco ntsoov tias koj sau lub tswv yim tseem ceeb thiab txhawb cov ntsiab lus hauv kab lus.
- Txog cov ntawv tseeb, sau cov npe thiab cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim txog cov cim. Ib qho ntxiv, xyuam xim rau lub cim thiab siv cov cuab yeej sau ntawv.
- Txog cov ntawv tsis tseeb, sau cov lus tseeb, cov duab, cov txheej txheem, thiab hnub tim.
Kauj Ruam 5. Sau txhua ntu ntawm cov ntawv
Thaum koj nkag siab cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv, sau cov ntsiab lus luv luv yuav pab koj nkag siab zoo tias tus sau txhais li cas. Yog tias cov ntawv muaj ob peb ntu, ua cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntu. Txwv tsis pub, koj tuaj yeem tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua kab lus lossis ntawm txhua kab lus ntau.
Piv txwv li, ua cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua tshooj ntawm cov ntawv tshiab. Los yog hauv kab lus luv luv, suav nrog txhua kab lus
Kauj Ruam 6. Sau koj cov lus teb rau kab lus
Koj xav li cas txog cov ntawv tuaj yeem pab txheeb xyuas nws. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis txhob ua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tag nrho raws li koj tus kheej xav. Xav txog cov lus teb nrog rau kev tshuaj xyuas tag nrho. Nug koj tus kheej cov lus nug hauv qab no los pab tsim koj cov lus teb:
- Kuv coj dab tsi los ntawm tsab ntawv?
- Kuv xav li cas txog lub ncauj lus no?
- Cov ntawv no puas lom zem lossis qhia?
- Kuv yuav ua dab tsi nrog cov ntaub ntawv no tam sim no?
- Cov ntawv no tau siv hauv lub neej tiag li cas?
Kauj Ruam 7. Tsim cov kab lus "inverted" ntawm cov ntawv
Cov kab lus thim rov qab yog tsim tom qab cov ntawv nyeem nyob ntawd thiab lub hom phiaj txhawm rau txhim kho tus qauv ntawm cov ntawv. Cov qauv no yuav pab koj tshuaj xyuas cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv.
- Rau cov ntawv sau tseeb, piav qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm zaj dab neeg thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov cuab yeej sau ntawv.
- Rau cov ntawv tsis tseeb, tsom mus rau lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, pov thawj, thiab txhawb nqa cov ntsiab lus.
Kauj Ruam 8. Nyeem lwm cov ntawv txheeb xyuas
Nrhiav lwm qhov kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov ntawv yuav pab muab cov ntsiab lus rau koj thawj qhov kev xav thiab kev xav. Koj tsis tas yuav pom zoo nrog txhua yam koj nyeem, lossis koj yuav tsum tso siab rau lwm tus qhov kev tshuaj xyuas rau koj txoj haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntawv tshaj tawm, cov ntawv sau, thiab tshuaj xyuas los ntawm lwm tus kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem pab koj kom nkag siab zoo dua qub ntawm cov ntawv.
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yooj yim mus nrhiav los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav nrawm hauv is taws nem. Tsuas yog ntaus lub npe ntawm cov ntawv tom qab lo lus "tshuaj xyuas"
Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 4: Tshawb Fawb Cov Ntawv Sau
Kauj Ruam 1. Txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv sau, xws li thaum nws tau sau
Los ntawm kev paub keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm tus ntawv thiab nws tus neeg sau, koj yuav nkag siab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntawv sau. Txhawm rau nkag siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv, teb cov lus nug hauv qab no:
- Thaum twg yog tsab ntawv sau?
- Dab tsi yog keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm txoj haujlwm?
- Tus sau keeb kwm yav dhau yog dab tsi?
- Hom ntawv twg tus kws sau ua haujlwm?
- Leej twg yog tus sau ua ke?
- Cov ntawv no hloov pauv nws li cas hauv tus sau txoj haujlwm tag nrho?
- Tus sau puas tau qhia kev tshoov siab rau daim ntawv theus?
- Hom neeg twg yog tus sau los ntawm?
- Lub sijhawm thaum cov ntawv tau sau ua lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv li cas?
Kauj Ruam 2. Txheeb xyuas lub ntsiab lus ntawm phau ntawv sau
Ntsiab lus suav nrog cov ncauj lus thiab tus sau txoj kev xav ntawm cov ncauj lus. Koj tuaj yeem xav txog cov ntsiab lus zoo li "cov lus los ntawm tsab ntawv". Tus kws sau ntawv sim qhia dab tsi?
- Zaj dab neeg luv luv tuaj yeem muaj ib txog rau ob lub ntsiab lus, thaum cov ntawv tshiab tuaj yeem muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus. Yog tias cov ntawv sau muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus, lawv feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog.
- Piv txwv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau dab neeg tshiab yog "thev naus laus zis txaus ntshai" thiab "kev koom tes tuaj yeem kov yeej kev ua phem".
Kauj Ruam 3. Txiav txim siab lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv sau
Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm tsab ntawv. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas lub tswv yim tseem ceeb, tshuaj xyuas cov cim, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cim, lawv cov kev ua, thiab teeb meem uas tshwm sim hauv kab lus.
- Ua tib zoo saib cov cim cov lus, kev ua, thiab kev xav. Xav txog yam lawv hais txog tus yam ntxwv, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus muaj peev xwm.
- Ua tib zoo saib lub cim, ua piv txwv, thiab siv lwm yam cuab yeej sau ntawv.
Kauj Ruam 4. Txheeb xyuas ntu ntawm cov ntawv uas txhawb lub tswv yim tseem ceeb
Cais cov lus hais ncaj qha los ntawm tus sau los piav qhia lub ntsiab lus. Rau cov ntawv sau ntev dua, koj yuav pom qee qhov. Nws yog lub tswv yim zoo los sau ntau npaum li koj tuaj yeem ua tau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj tau raug sau ntawv lossis yuav raug sim ntawm cov khoom.
Koj tuaj yeem siv cov lus hais no los txhawb kev thov tus kheej txog cov ntawv sau, yog tias koj tab tom sau ib qho kev tshuaj xyuas sau ntawv
Kauj Ruam 5. Txheeb tus kws sau ntawv
Tus sau tus qauv tuaj yeem suav nrog xaiv cov lus, kab lus, thiab cov syntax, uas yog kev npaj cov lus hauv kab lus. Txawm hais tias hom lus yog qee zaum tsuas yog teeb meem ntawm kev ua kom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, cov qauv kuj tuaj yeem pab txhawb lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv.
- Piv txwv li, Edgar Allan Poe cov style yuav txhim kho cov paj huam thiab cov dab neeg hauv kev txhob txwm ua. Yog tias koj tab tom tshuaj xyuas ib qho ntawm nws cov ntawv sau, xav txog nws tus kheej hom lus.
- Raws li lwm qhov piv txwv, Mark Twain siv cov lus hauv nws phau ntawv tshiab Pudd'nhead Wilson los qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tswv qhev thiab qhev nyob sab hauv South America. Twain siv lo lus xaiv thiab kab lus sib tham los qhia yuav siv cov lus li cas los tsim kev sib cais hauv zej zog thiab tswj kev sib cais ntawm cov pej xeem.
Kauj Ruam 6. Xav txog tus sau “tham” lub suab
Tus neeg sau lub suab yog nws tus cwj pwm lossis kev xav rau cov ncauj lus. Los ntawm kev xaiv lus, kab lus kab lus, thiab kev siv cov cuab yeej lus, cov kws sau ntawv tuaj yeem tsim cov suab sib txawv uas coj koj los ua tus nyeem ntawv kom hnov lub ntsiab lus ntawm qee yam.
- Cov suab nrov muaj xws li: tu siab, hnyav, nruj, lom zem, thiab hais lus sarcastic.
- Tone tuaj yeem qhia txog dab tsi tshwm sim hauv zaj dab neeg nrog rau lub ntsiab lus loj dua qhov ntawd. Piv txwv li, Tus Txawj Ntse Zoo Tshaj ntawm Oz hloov nws lub suab thaum Dorothy tawm Kansas rau Oz. Qhov kev hloov pauv no tuaj yeem pom hauv zaj duab xis los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xim, tab sis hauv cov ntawv tshiab, qhov kev hloov pauv no tau cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv hauv lub suab.
Txoj Kev 3 ntawm 4: Ntsuam Xyuas Cov Ntawv Sau Tsis Zoo
Kauj Ruam 1. Txiav txim siab tus sau lub hom phiaj
Vim li cas tus kws sau ntawv ua txoj haujlwm no? Los ntawm kev paub lub hom phiaj no, koj tuaj yeem nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv. Txhawm rau teeb tsa lub hom phiaj, nug koj tus kheej cov lus nug hauv qab no:
- Cov ncauj lus thiab thaj chaw yog dab tsi?
- Tsab ntawv ua tiav dab tsi?
- Tus kws sau ntawv ua rau koj xav li cas, ntseeg, lossis xav li cas?
- Puas yog cov tswv yim hauv cov ntawv sau tshiab lossis qiv los ntawm lwm tus?
Kauj Ruam 2. Tshawb nrhiav tus neeg siv kev siv cov lus, suav nrog cov lus sib dhos
Tus kws sau ntawv xaiv cov lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws los txog rau cov lus yooj yim, tuaj yeem ua rau koj pom meej dua ntawm cov ntawv. Koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab cov neeg mloog nrog rau lub suab nrov ntawm cov ntawv.
- Kev siv cov lus yooj yim thiab cov txuj ci qhia pom tus kws sau ntawv tau tsim tsab ntawv rau tib neeg hauv daim teb. Cov ntawv sau yuav muaj cov lus qhia lossis nthuav tswv yim tshawb fawb. Yog tias koj tsis paub meej txog tus neeg sau cov hom phiaj, cov lus paub thiab cov lus yooj yim tuaj yeem yog qhov ntsuas zoo.
- Tone qhia txog "ib puag ncig" ntawm cov ntawv. Piv txwv li, cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau siv lub suab nrov thiab raug tshaj lij los nthuav qhia lawv cov kev tshawb fawb, thaum cov kws sau ntawv tuaj yeem siv lub suab tsis raug thiab tsis raug thaum sau cov ntawv xov xwm.
Kauj Ruam 3. Txheeb xyuas tus sau phau ntawv sib cav
Xav txog tus sau cov lus nrog rau cov lus thov uas tau ua hauv cov ntawv sau. Hauv kev ua haujlwm luv, tag nrho cov lus sib cav tuaj yeem nthuav tawm hauv cov lus meej, tab sis hauv cov ntawv ntev dua, yuav muaj ntau qhov kev thov.
- Yog tias koj muaj teeb meem nrhiav tus sau phau ntawv sib cav, tshuaj xyuas cov pov thawj uas nthuav tawm hauv phau ntawv sau. Cov tswv yim twg raug txhawb los ntawm cov pov thawj? Qhov no yuav pab koj nrhiav cov lus sib cav.
- Piv txwv li, nqe lus tuaj yeem mus zoo li no: "Raws li cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, cov neeg pov npav feem ntau yuav pov npav rau cov neeg sib tw uas lawv paub. Qhov no txhawb nqa lub tswv yim ntawm kev xav-xaiv txoj kev xav. "Cov lus sib cav ntawm no txhawb kev xav-xaiv txoj kev xav.
Kauj Ruam 4. Txheeb xyuas cov pov thawj uas tus sau siv los txhawb kev sib cav
Ntsuam xyuas hom pov thawj uas siv, xws li cov ntaub ntawv, qhov tseeb, lossis cov lus qhia ntxaws. Tom qab ntawd, txiav txim siab seb puas muaj pov thawj txaus thiab txhawb qhov kev sib cav, lossis seb qhov pov thawj tsis muaj zog.
- Piv txwv, cov pov thawj uas suav nrog kev tshawb fawb thiab cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais yuav muab kev txhawb nqa ntau rau kev sib cav, tab sis cov pov thawj tsis tseeb yuav ua rau muaj kev sib cav tsis muaj zog.
- Koj tuaj yeem sau cov ntawv pov thawj hauv koj tus kheej cov lus, tab sis qhov no tsis tas yuav tsum tau ua.
Kauj Ruam 5. Sib cais qhov tseeb ntawm kev xav hauv cov ntawv tsis tseeb
Txawm hais tias tsab ntawv tsis yog ntawv tseeb, tus sau yuav suav nrog nws tus kheej qhov kev xav. Ob qho ntaub ntawv tseeb thiab cov tswv yim sau ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev tshuaj xyuas, tab sis koj yuav tsum paub qhov sib txawv ntawm ob. Nyeem nrog mloog rau tus kws sau siv rhetorical lossis yaum cov txheej txheem.
- Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem hais qhov tseeb thiab kev xav siv cov xim sib txawv Highlighter. Xwb, tsim daim phiaj nrog cov lus tseeb ntawm ib sab thiab kev xav ntawm lwm tus.
- Piv txwv li, tus kws sau ntawv tuaj yeem hais tias, "Raws li kev tshawb fawb, 79% ntawm tib neeg nyeem daim ntawv xaiv tsa kom pom lub npe uas lawv paub. Yog lawm, cov ntawv xaiv tsa tsis tau tsim los txhawb cov neeg pov npav. "Thawj kab lus yog qhov tseeb, thaum kab lus thib ob yog kev xav.
Kauj Ruam 6. Txiav txim siab yog tias tsab ntawv tuaj yeem ua tiav nws lub hom phiaj
Puas yog tus kws sau ntawv ua tiav qhov nws tau npaj tseg? Raws li koj qhov kev tshuaj xyuas, txiav txim siab tias tsab ntawv ua haujlwm tau zoo, thiab vim li cas nws thiaj txiav txim siab ua haujlwm lossis vim li cas nws tsis ua haujlwm.
Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem pom tias daim ntawv ntawm qhov kev xav tsim nyog txoj kev xav muaj cov txheeb cais me me, tab sis ntau qhov pov thawj tsis tseeb. Qhov no yuav ua rau koj tsis ntseeg tus kws sau ntawv sib cav, uas txhais tau tias tus sau tsis ua tiav lub hom phiaj
Txoj Kev 4 ntawm 4: Sau Ntawv thiab Txheeb Xyuas Kab Lus
Kauj Ruam 1. Tsim kab lus kab lus uas piav qhia koj qhov kev pom ntawm cov ntawv
Koj tau xaus dab tsi txog cov ntawv? Cov tswv yim twg koj yuav xaiv cov ntawv txhawb nqa? Siv cov ntaub ntawv no los tsim kab lus ntsiab lus.
- Nov yog qhov piv txwv: "Hauv zaj dab neeg luv luv Quicksand, tus sau siv kab lus 'xuab zeb' ua piv txwv rau 'nyob nrog mob ntev'."
- Nov yog lwm qhov piv txwv: "Hauv Frankenstein zaj dab neeg tshiab, Shelley hais txog Lub Hnub Nyoog Romantic los ntawm kev hais txog qhov xwm txheej muaj peev xwm kho tau."
Kauj Ruam 2. Muab cov kab lus txhawb los ntawm kev piav qhia cov ntsiab lus
Koj yuav tsum suav nrog cov lus ncaj qha los ntawm kab ntawv txhawm rau txhawb koj txoj kev xav. Nws yog lub tswv yim zoo los tawm tswv yim piav qhia yuav ua li cas cov lus hais tawm hauv kab lus thiab nws txhais li cas.
Koj tuaj yeem sau, "Thaum pib ntawm zaj dab neeg, tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tau tsaug zog, ntshai hnub tom ntej. Nws paub tias nws yuav tsum tau tawm ntawm lub txaj, tab sis nws tus mob tiv thaiv nws kom sawv."
Kauj Ruam 3. Npaj cov ntawv txhawb nrog cov kab lus nkag
Cov kab lus tsis txaus ntseeg no yuav muaj cov lus ncaj qha los ntawm cov ntawv uas qhia koj qhov kev xav ntawm cov ntawv. Nov yog pov thawj los qhia tias koj qhov kev xav txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab ntawv raug.
- Piv txwv li, "Txhawm rau qhia tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawm tsam, tus sau hais tias, 'Kuv tau rov qab mus rau hauv txaj, zoo li lub txaj tau nqus kuv ntxiv thiab nqis qis dua.'"
- Raws li lwm qhov piv txwv, "Hauv Frankenstein, Victor khiav tawm ntawm nws cov teeb meem los ntawm kev tawm mus rau qhov qhib. Tom qab siv ob hnub nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, Victor hais tias, 'Maj mam, qhov kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab ntuj ceeb tsheej tau rov qab los rau kuv …" (Shelley 47).
Kauj Ruam 4. Piav qhia li cas cov ntawv txhawb nqa txhawb koj lub tswv yim
Piav qhia qhov tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv thiab nws txhais li cas hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov ntawv. Koj tseem tuaj yeem tham txog dab tsi cov cuab yeej sau ntawv tau siv, xws li lub cim lossis ua piv txwv. Ib yam li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem piav qhia tias tus neeg sau ntawv li cas, kev hais lus, thiab cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv.
Koj tuaj yeem sau, "Hauv ntu no, tus kws sau ua piv txwv txog kev mob uas ua zoo li nrawm nrawm los ntawm kev qhia tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tawm tsam kom tawm hauv txaj. Txawm hais tias nws tau sim kom sawv, tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb zoo li nws tau poob mus rau saum txaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus neeg sau siv thawj tus neeg pom los pab tus nyeem ntawv nkag siab lub ntsiab lus tus yam ntxwv thiab kev xav txog nws tus mob."
Lub tswv yim
- Cov ntawv qhia, xws li Cliff's Notes, tuaj yeem pab koj txheeb xyuas cov ntawv ntev uas nyuaj dua los nyeem.
- Ua haujlwm nrog phooj ywg lossis hauv pab pawg tuaj yeem pab koj nkag siab cov ntawv zoo dua vim tias koj tuaj yeem pom nws los ntawm lwm qhov kev xav. Txawm li cas los xij, kom ntseeg tau tias ib qho kev txheeb xyuas sau tau ua tus kheej, tsis yog pab pawg.
