Kev mob qog noj ntshav yog kab mob uas tshwm sim tom qab kis tau ntau yam hluav taws xob ionizing nyob rau lub sijhawm luv. Feem ntau, cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob no tuaj yeem kwv yees tau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tsis tau xav txog thiab sai sai ntawm qib hluav taws xob. Hauv kev kho mob hauv ntiaj teb, tus kab mob no paub tias yog mob hnyav hluav taws xob, raug hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob lom, lossis lom lom. Cov tsos mob no tshwm sim sai thiab cuam tshuam nrog qib kev kis hluav taws xob. Raug rau hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob tsawg.
Kauj ruam
Ntu 1 ntawm 3: Paub txog Cov tsos mob ntawm Kab Mob Kab Mob
Kauj Ruam 1. Saib rau kev txhim kho cov tsos mob ntawm kab mob
Ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev txhim kho cov tsos mob, lawv qhov hnyav thiab sijhawm. Cov kws kho mob tuaj yeem kwv yees qib ntawm kev kis hluav taws xob rau ib tus neeg los ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab sijhawm ntawm cov tsos mob tshwm sim. Qhov hnyav ntawm cov tsos mob no txawv, nyob ntawm qhov koob tshuaj ntawm cov hluav taws xob kis tau thiab cov kabmob hauv lub cev uas tau nqus cov hluav taws xob.
- Muaj ntau yam uas txiav txim siab txog qib kev mob nkeeg muaj xws li hom raug, lub sijhawm raug, hluav taws xob lub zog, lub cev lub cev raug, thiab cov hluav taws xob nqus los ntawm lub cev.
- Lub cev lub cev uas rhiab heev rau raug hluav taws xob suav nrog sab hauv ntawm lub plab thiab txoj hnyuv, nrog rau cov pob txha hlwb uas tsim cov qe ntshav tshiab.
- Cov tsos mob tshwm sim yog nyob ntawm qib kev raug hluav taws xob. Thawj cov tsos mob ntawm kev kis mus rau txoj hnyuv tuaj yeem hnov hauv 10 feeb.
- Kev kis hluav taws xob ncaj qha rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij yuav ua rau mob liab, ua pob, thiab kub hnyiab ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Kauj Ruam 2. Paub txog cov tsos mob
Kev raug hluav taws xob yuav raug mob ntawm hluav taws xob tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees tau vim muaj ntau yam. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov pom ntawm cov tsos mob no tuaj yeem xav tau. Cov theem ntawm kev kis hluav taws xob, suav txij ntawm me me mus rau mob hnyav, tuaj yeem hloov kho lub sijhawm ntawm kev txhim kho cov tsos mob mob nkeeg. Cov hauv qab no yog cov tsos mob uas tshwm sim hauv tus kab mob no:
- Ua npaws
- Xeev siab thiab ntuav
- Tsis meej pem
- Mob taub hau
- Kiv taub hau
- Hnov qaug zog thiab nkees
- Plaub hau poob
- Los ntuav thiab tso ntshav tawm
- Kev kis kab mob tshwm sim thiab lub qhov txhab siv sijhawm ntev los kho
- Ntshav siab
Kauj Ruam 3. Paub txog qib kev kis hluav taws xob
Muaj plaub pawg thiab thaj tsam ntawm kev kis tau uas tuaj yeem siv los tshuaj xyuas qhov mob hnyav ntawm hluav taws xob. Tus nqi no yog ua raws qhov tshwm sim luv thiab sai. Qhov hnyav yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qib kev raug thiab tsos mob.
- Qhov hnyav me me yog qhov tshwm sim uas ua rau lub cev nqus tau 1-2 units ntawm qhov grey (Gy).
- Qhov hnyav nruab nrab yog kis tau uas ua rau lub cev nqus tau 2-6 Gy.
- Qhov hnyav hnyav yog kis tau uas ua rau lub cev nqus tau 6-9 Gy.
- Qhov hnyav hnyav heev, uas yog kis tau uas ua rau lub cev nqus tau yam tsawg 10 Gy.
- Cov kws kho mob tuaj yeem kwv yees qhov koob tshuaj uas tau nqus los ntawm lub cev los ntawm kev ntsuas lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm kev kis thiab pom ntawm thawj cov tsos mob, uas yog xeev siab thiab ntuav.
- Xeev siab thiab ntuav tsis pub dhau 10 feeb tom qab kis tau pom tias raug mob hnyav heev. Thaum lub teeb pom kev, xeev siab thiab ntuav tshwm sim tsis pub dhau 6 teev.
Kauj Ruam 4. Nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm txhua tus lej
Kev ntsuas qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob tau ua tiav hauv ntau txoj kev. Tus kab mob kev kis mob hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau txhais tias yog cov hluav taws xob nqus los ntawm lub cev.
- Kev ntsuas ntawm txhua hom hluav taws xob siv ntau chav sib txawv. Txhua lub tebchaws kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv chav sib txawv los ntawm ib leeg.
- Hauv Asmeskas, cov hluav taws xob nqus tau muaj cov xim grey lossis sau luv li Gy, lossis rad, lossis rem. Kev hloov pauv tus nqi rau txhua chav tsev yog: 1 Gy = 100 rad, thiab 1 rad = 1 rem.
- Lub nres sib npaug ntawm ntau hom hluav taws xob tsis yog ib txwm hais raws li tau piav qhia. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm no piav qhia txog kev hloov pauv yooj yim.
Kauj Ruam 5. Paub txog txoj kev kis hluav taws xob
Muaj ob hom kev kis tau: kis tau tus mob thiab tawm mus. Kev tiv thaiv hluav taws yuav siv daim ntawv tso tawm, hluav taws xob nthwv dej, lossis cov khoom me me, thaum kev kis kab mob yuav siv daim ntawv sib cuag ncaj qha nrog cov plua plav lossis kua.
- Mob hnyav hluav taws xob mob tshwm sim tsuas yog nrog rau hluav taws xob. Kev sib cuag ncaj qha tso cai rau lub cev kom raug hluav taws xob.
- Kev sib kis hluav taws xob ua rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nqus mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab nqa mus rau pob txha pob txha, ua rau muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv, xws li mob qog noj ntshav.
Kauj Ruam 6. Paub qhov ua tau ntawm tus kab mob no
Kev mob qog noj ntshav tuaj yeem ua tau tab sis qhov xwm txheej tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim. Kev raug xwm txheej hauv chaw ua haujlwm uas ua rau muaj hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav. Kev puas tsuaj ntuj uas ua rau lub tsev puas tsuaj uas muaj cov hluav taws hnyav, xws li cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear, kuj tseem yuav yog qhov ua rau.
- Kev puas tsuaj ntuj tsim teb raug, xws li av qeeg lossis cua daj cua dub, tuaj yeem ua rau cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob puas tsuaj thiab ua rau hluav taws xob muaj teeb meem xau tawm, txawm hais tias hom kev puas tsuaj no tsis zoo li.
- Tsov rog uas siv riam phom nuclear tuaj yeem muaj qhov cuam tshuam deb uas ua rau mob qog noj ntshav.
- Kev siv cov foob pob qias neeg hauv kev ua phem tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav rau cov neeg raug tsim txom.
- Kev ncig chaw muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis hluav taws xob.
- Txawm hais tias ua tau, cov cuab yeej siv kho mob yuav tsis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj tus kabmob no nce ntxiv.
- Txhua tus nyob ib puag ncig peb yog lub zog nuclear. Yog li, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tiv thaiv pej xeem los ntawm kev raug hluav taws xob raug.
Ntu 2 ntawm 3: Sib Piv Hom Hluav Taws Xob
Kauj Ruam 1. Txheeb xyuas hom hluav taws xob
Radiation yog qhov txhia chaw nyob ib puag ncig peb. Ib txhia yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nthwv dej thiab qee qhov yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hais. Cov hluav taws xob tuaj yeem hnov thiab tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo hlo li, tab sis kuj tseem muaj hluav taws xob uas hnyav thiab txaus ntshai yog tias raug lub cev. Muaj 2 hom hluav taws xob thiab 4 hom tseem ceeb ntawm kev tso hluav taws xob.
- Muaj ob hom kev tawg: ionizing thiab non-ionizing.
- Plaub yam uas nquag siv tshaj plaws ntawm cov pa hluav taws xob tso tawm muaj xws li alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, thiab X rays.
Kauj Ruam 2. Paub cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob
Ionizing hluav taws xob hais tuaj yeem nqa qee yam zog. Cov khoom hauv lub zog no yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv thaum lawv cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov nqi, tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov phem tas li.
- Ionizing hluav taws xob kuj tseem siv tau zoo ntawm CT scan lossis X-ray hauv siab. Kev nthuav tawm hluav taws xob siv los ua kev pab kuaj mob, xws li CT scan lossis X-ray, tsis muaj qhov ciam teb meej.
- Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb paub tias tsis yog kev puas tsuaj, lossis NDT, tshaj tawm cov lus qhia uas piav qhia qhov kev txwv txwv rau kev nthuav tawm vim yog siv cov cuab yeej siv kho mob, uas yog 0.05 tawm ib xyoos.
- Koj tus kws kho mob lossis tus mob yuav teeb tsa kev txwv tshwj xeeb rau koj yog tias koj nquag raug hluav taws xob vim yog txoj hauv kev kho tus kab mob, xws li mob qog noj ntshav.
Kauj Ruam 3. Tshawb xyuas seb puas muaj hluav taws xob uas tsis yog ionizing muaj kev nyab xeeb rau lub cev
Cov hluav taws xob uas tsis yog ionizing tsis ua mob rau lub cev thiab muaj nyob hauv cov khoom koj siv txhua hnub. Microwave ncu, infrared toasters, nyom nyom, ntsuas pa taws, thiab xov tooj ntawm tes yog piv txwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob uas tsis yog-ionizing.
- Cov khoom noj xws li qos yaj ywm dawb, hmoov nplej, nqaij, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub, nqaij qaib, thiab qe, tau ua kom tsis muaj hluav taws xob tsis zoo li hluav taws xob raws li cov kauj ruam kawg ua ntej muag hauv khw muag khoom.
- Ntau lub tsev haujlwm muaj koob npe, xws li Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv thiab Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob thiab American Medical Association, txhawb nqa cov txheej txheem cov zaub mov tsis zoo kom pab tswj cov kab mob thiab kab mob phem thaum lawv nkag mus rau hauv lub cev.
- Cov pa luam yeeb ua haujlwm los ntawm kev tso tawm qis qis ntawm cov hluav taws xob uas tsis yog-ionizing. Cov pa luam yeeb yuav thaiv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov kab no yog li qhia tus ntsuas kom teeb tsa lub tswb.
Kauj Ruam 4. Txheeb xyuas hom kev tso pa tawm hluav taws xob
Thaum koj raug hluav taws xob ionizing, hom kev tso tawm tam sim no yuav cuam tshuam rau qib kev mob nkeeg uas koj yuav ntsib. Plaub hom kev tso tawm muaj xws li alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, thiab X rays.
- Alpha cov ntsiab lus tsis ua rau pom deb heev thiab nyuaj rau nkag mus rau txhua yam uas muaj cov khoom. Cov khoom no tso tawm tag nrho lawv lub zog rau hauv thaj chaw me me.
- Alpha cov ntsiab lus nyuaj rau nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tab sis yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau los ntawm kev tua cov nqaij thiab cov cell nyob ze yog tias lawv nkag mus rau hauv lub cev.
- Beta hais tawm nyob deb dua li cov khoom alpha, tab sis kuj nyuaj rau nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij lossis khaub ncaws.
- Ib yam li alpha hais, beta cov khoom tseem ua teeb meem rau lub cev yog tias lawv tswj tau nkag mus rau txheej tawv nqaij.
- Gamma rays ci ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm lub teeb thiab nkag mus rau cov tawv nqaij thiab cov ntaub so ntswg tau yooj yim dua. Gamma rays yog daim ntawv phom sij txaus ntshai tshaj plaws.
- X-hluav taws xob tseem tuaj yeem pom ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm lub teeb thiab tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub cev. Qhov no ua rau X-duab hluav taws xob muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev kuaj mob kho mob nrog rau qee yam lag luam.
Ntu 3 ntawm 3: Kho Kab Mob Radiation
Kauj Ruam 1. Nrhiav kev kho mob tam sim
Hu rau 118 lossis 119 thiab tawm ntawm thaj chaw uas tsis muaj hluav taws xob sai li sai tau. Tsis txhob tos kom txog thaum cov tsos mob hluav taws xob zuj zus. Yog tias koj xav tias koj tau raug hluav taws xob ionizing, nrhiav kev kho sai li sai tau. Kev mob qog noj ntshav nyob rau theem me mus rau qib theem tuaj yeem kho tau, tab sis cov qib hnyav feem ntau ua rau lub cev tuag taus.
- Thaum koj xav tias koj tau raug hluav taws xob, tshem tag nrho cov khaub ncaws thiab cov khoom koj hnav thiab muab tso rau hauv lub hnab yas.
- Tam sim ntawd ntxuav lub cev nrog xab npum thiab dej. Tsis txhob txhuam koj cov tawv nqaij vim tias nws tuaj yeem ua rau khaus thiab ua rau daim tawv nqaij ua rau tawg rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij kom nkag mus rau hauv lub cev.
Kauj Ruam 2. Txiav txim seb qib hluav taws xob raug li cas
Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab qhov mob hnyav ntawm hluav taws xob yog paub txog hom hluav taws xob ionizing ntawm qhov chaw raug thiab qhov raug ntawm qhov raug tawm los ntawm lub cev.
- Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kho mob kev mob nkeeg suav nrog zam kev kis kab mob hnyav dua, kov yeej cov teeb meem tseem ceeb uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej, txo cov tsos mob tshwm sim, thiab tswj kev mob.
- Cov neeg uas mob me me mus rau nruab nrab thiab tau txais kev kho mob feem ntau yuav tsum ua kom rov zoo. Cov qe ntshav ntawm cov tib neeg uas tau raug kev puas tsuaj los ntawm hluav taws xob yuav pib rov zoo tom qab 4-5 lub lis piam.
- Kev raug hluav taws xob hnyav thiab hnyav heev ua rau tuag yuav qhia nws qhov tshwm sim los ntawm 2 hnub mus rau 2 lub lis piam tom qab kis tau.
- Feem ntau, qhov ua rau tuag los ntawm kev mob qog noj ntshav yog kis mob thiab sab hauv los ntshav.
Kauj Ruam 3. Tau txais tshuaj noj
Cov tsos mob rau hluav taws xob mob feem ntau yog kho tau zoo hauv tsev kho mob. Cov kev kho mob uas muaj nyob suav nrog ua kom lub cev muaj dej txaus, tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsos mob hluav taws xob, tiv thaiv kev kis kab mob, thiab ua kom lub cev rov zoo los ntawm hluav taws xob.
- Daim ntawv tshuaj tua kab mob tshuaj tua kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm kev mob qog noj ntshav feem ntau yog muab rau cov neeg uas muaj kev pheej hmoo mob qog noj ntshav ntau dua.
- Cov pob txha pob txha yog rhiab rau hluav taws xob. Yog li ntawd, qee yam tshuaj uas txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntshav ntshav yuav muab rau koj.
- Kev kho mob ntawm hluav taws xob kuj tseem tuaj yeem suav nrog cov pab pawg uas muaj zog, siv cov khoom lag luam ntshav, hloov pauv pob txha, thiab hloov pauv qia cell raws li xav tau. Qee zaum, kev hloov ntshav platelets thiab/lossis ntshav tuaj yeem pab kho kev puas tsuaj rau pob txha pob txha.
- Cov neeg tau txais kev kho mob feem ntau raug cais cais los ntawm lwm tus neeg kom tsis txhob kis tus kab mob. Kev mus ntsib tus neeg mob qee zaum txwv kom txo qis kev hloov pauv mus rau tus neeg kis mob.
- Muaj cov tshuaj muaj los pab kho lub cev puas tsuaj, nyob ntawm seb hom kev tso pa lossis hluav taws xob tawg ua rau lub cev puas tsuaj.
Kauj Ruam 4. Tau txais kev saib xyuas txhawb nqa
Kev kho cov tsos mob ntawm kev mob nkeeg yog ib feem ntawm kev kho mob, tab sis rau cov tib neeg tau txais koob tshuaj ntau dua (siab dua 10 Gy), lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev kho mob no yog ua kom tus neeg ntawd xis nyob li sai tau.
- Piv txwv ntawm kev saib xyuas txhawb nqa suav nrog kev saib xyuas mob hnyav thiab kho rau pom cov tsos mob, xws li xeev siab thiab ntuav.
- Kev ntseeg thiab kev sab laj txog kev xav yuav muab tau.
Kauj Ruam 5. Saib xyuas koj kev noj qab haus huv
Piv rau tib neeg ib txwm, cov tib neeg uas raug hluav taws xob ua rau muaj mob muaj nkeeg muaj feem yuav muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv ntau xyoo tom ntej, suav nrog mob qog noj ntshav.
- Ib leeg, nrawm, thiab hluav taws xob loj rau lub cev tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus. Cov koob tshuaj hluav taws xob tib yam tab sis nthuav tawm ntau lub lis piam lossis hli yog qhov yuav kho tau ntau dua.
- Kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb ntawm cov tsiaj tau pom tias qhov tsis tuaj yeem hnyav tuaj yeem ua rau muaj menyuam tsis taus tshwm sim los ntawm cov menyuam tsis muaj menyuam. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias muaj kev pheej hmoo rau kev txhim kho ntawm ovum, phev, thiab kev hloov pauv caj ces, tib cov txiaj ntsig tsis tas yuav siv rau tib neeg.
Kauj Ruam 6. Ua tib zoo saib cov hluav taws xob raug qhov chaw koj ua haujlwm
OSHA tau teeb tsa tus qauv raws li cov lus qhia rau cov chaw thiab cov tuam txhab uas siv cov cuab yeej uas tso tawm hluav taws xob ionizing. Muaj ntau ntau hom hluav taws xob tshaj li cov tau tham hauv kab lus no, thiab muaj ntau yam kev siv hluav taws xob zoo uas tseem ceeb hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub.
- Cov neeg ua haujlwm raug rau hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv lawv txoj haujlwm feem ntau yuav tsum tau hnav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv.
- Cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum tsis txhob ua haujlwm hauv ib puag ncig uas muaj kev phom sij tshwj tsis yog lawv tau mus txog tuam txhab lossis tsoomfwv txwv, tshwj tsis yog muaj xwm txheej tau tshaj tawm.
- Hauv Asmeskas, tus qauv txwv rau kev kis hluav taws xob hauv chaw ua haujlwm yog 5 rem ib xyoos. Thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, qhov txwv no tuaj yeem nce mus rau 25 rem hauv ib xyoos. Cov nyiaj no tseem suav tias yog nyiaj nyab xeeb.
- Thaum koj lub cev rov zoo los ntawm kev kis hluav taws xob, koj tuaj yeem rov qab mus ua haujlwm hauv ib puag ncig ib yam. Tsis muaj cov lus qhia thiab tsis muaj pov thawj me me tias rov ua dua hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau kev noj qab haus huv yav tom ntej.
