Cov neeg siv khoom seem yog lo lus siv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nyiaj txiag los piav qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm cov nyiaj uas cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab them rau cov khoom thiab cov kev pabcuam thiab tus nqi lag luam tiag. Tshwj xeeb, cov neeg siv khoom seem tau tshwm sim thaum cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab them "ntau" rau qhov zoo lossis kev pabcuam tshaj li tam sim no lawv tau them rau. Txawm hais tias nws suab zoo li kev suav nyuab nyuab, xam cov neeg siv khoom seem yog qhov ua tau yooj yim yog tias koj paub yam dab tsi los suav nrog.
Kauj ruam
Ntu 1 ntawm 2: Txheeb Cov Ntsiab Lus Tseem Ceeb thiab Cov Lus
Kauj Ruam 1. Nkag siab txoj cai ntawm kev thov
Cov neeg feem coob tau hnov cov kab lus "xav tau thiab khoom siv" siv los piav qhia txog lub zog tsis txaus ntseeg uas tswj hwm kev lag luam, tab sis ntau tus neeg tsis nkag siab qhov cuam tshuam tag nrho ntawm lub tswv yim no. "Xav tau" hais txog kev ntshaw kom tau txais qhov zoo lossis kev pabcuam hauv khw. Feem ntau, yog tias tag nrho lwm yam sib npaug, qhov kev thov rau cov khoom lag luam yuav poob qis raws li tus nqi nce.
Ua piv txwv, cia peb coj lub tuam txhab uas tab tom yuav tso lub TV tshiab qauv. Tus nqi siab dua uas lawv tau them rau tus qauv tshiab no, tsawg dua hauv TV uas lawv tuaj yeem cia siab tias yuav muag tag nrho. Qhov no yog vim tias cov neeg siv khoom muaj qhov nyiaj tsawg los siv thiab, los ntawm kev them nyiaj rau lub TV kim dua, lawv yuav tsum tau hla kev mus yuav lwm yam uas tuaj yeem muab txiaj ntsig ntau dua (khoom noj khoom haus, roj, them nuj nqis, thiab lwm yam)
Kauj Ruam 2. Nkag siab txoj cai ntawm cov khoom siv
Hauv kev sib piv, txoj cai lij choj ntawm kev xa khoom hais tias cov khoom lag luam thiab cov kev pabcuam uas xav tau tus nqi siab yuav muab rau hauv qhov ntau. Hauv qhov tseeb, cov neeg muag khoom xav kom khwv tau nyiaj ntau npaum li sai tau los ntawm kev muag ntau cov khoom lag luam kim, yog li, yog ib yam tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam lossis kev pabcuam tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo, tom qab ntawd cov neeg tsim khoom yuav maj nrawm los tsim qhov zoo lossis kev pabcuam.
Piv txwv li, cia siv sijhawm tam sim ua ntej Niam Hnub, tulips tau kim heev. Hauv kev teb rau qhov no, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb uas muaj peev xwm tsim tulips yuav mob siab rau tag nrho lawv cov peev txheej rau qhov haujlwm no, ua kom ntau tulips ntau li ntau tau kom ua tau zoo ntawm cov xwm txheej thaum tus nqi siab
Kauj Ruam 3. Nkag siab tias kev muab khoom thiab kev xav tau sawv cev ntawm kab duab
Ib qho ntawm txoj hauv kev feem ntau siv los ntawm tus kws xam nyiaj txiag los piav qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev xav tau yog los ntawm 2-dimensional x/y graph. Feem ntau, qhov no, x-axis raug xaiv ua "Q", qhov ntau (kom muaj nuj nqis) ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv khw, thiab y-axis raug xaiv ua "P", tus nqi ntawm cov khoom. Kev xav tau qhia raws li txoj kab nkhaus uas nkhaus los ntawm sab laug rau sab xis hauv qab ntawm kab ntawv, thiab cov khoom siv tau hais tawm raws li txoj kab nkhaus uas nkhaus los ntawm hauv qab sab laug mus rau sab xis.
Kev sib tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev xav tau nkhaus yog lub ntsiab lus uas kev ua lag luam nce mus txog qhov sib npaug - hauv lwm lo lus, lub ntsiab lus uas cov neeg tsim khoom tsim khoom thiab kev pabcuam raws li qhov xav tau ntau los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom
Kauj Ruam 4. Nkag siab txog cov txiaj ntsig tsis tseem ceeb
Marginal nqi hluav taws xob yog qhov nce hauv kev txaus siab uas cov neeg siv khoom tau txais los ntawm kev siv ib chav ntxiv ntawm qhov zoo lossis kev pabcuam. Hauv cov ntsiab lus dav dav, cov txiaj ntsig tsis tseem ceeb yog nyob ntawm qhov rov qab poob qis - hauv lwm lo lus, txhua chav ntxiv uas tau yuav muab cov txiaj ntsig qis rau cov neeg siv khoom. Maj mam, cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo ntawm qhov ua tau zoo lossis kev pabcuam poob qis mus rau qhov uas nws "tsis tsim nyog nws" rau cov neeg siv khoom los yuav khoom ntxiv.
Piv txwv li, cia peb xav tias tus neeg siv khoom xav tias tshaib plab heev. Nws tau mus rau tom tsev noj mov thiab xaj mov kib rau IDR 50,000. Tom qab noj cov hamburger no, nws tseem xav tias tshaib plab me ntsis, yog li nws tau xaj lwm feem ntawm cov mov kib rau IDR 50,000. Cov txiaj ntsig tsis tseem ceeb ntawm ntu thib ob ntawm cov kib kib yog me ntsis qis dua thawj feem, vim tias rau tus nqi them, qhov thib ob ntawm cov kib kib tsis ua kom txaus siab ntau npaum li thawj feem ntawm kev tshem tawm kev tshaib plab. Tus neeg siv khoom txiav txim siab tsis yuav ib feem peb ntawm kib nplej vim tias nws twb puv lawm, thiab yog li ntawd, ntu thib peb no yuav luag tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws
Kauj Ruam 5. Nkag siab cov neeg siv khoom seem
Cov neeg siv khoom tau txais txiaj ntsig tau txhais dav dav raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm "tag nrho tus nqi" ntawm qhov zoo lossis "tag nrho tus nqi tau txais" los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, thiab tus nqi tiag uas lawv tau them. Hauv lwm lo lus, yog tias cov neeg siv khoom them rau ib yam khoom tsawg dua li tus nqi rau lawv, cov neeg siv khoom seem tau sawv cev rau lawv "kev khaws nyiaj".
Ua piv txwv piv txwv, cia peb xav tias tus neeg siv khoom tab tom nrhiav tsheb siv. Nws tau siv nyiaj Rp100,000,000 los siv. Yog tias nws yuav lub tsheb nrog txhua qhov kev xav tau uas nws xav tau rau $ 60,000, koj tuaj yeem hais tau tias nws muaj cov neeg siv khoom seem ntawm $ 40,000. Hauv lwm lo lus, rau nws lub tsheb yog "tus nqi" IDR 100,000,000, tab sis thaum kawg nws tau lub tsheb "thiab" qhov seem ntawm IDR 40,000,000 los siv rau lwm yam uas nws xav tau
Ntu 2 ntawm 2: Xam Cov Khoom Siv Tau Txais ntawm Kev Xav Tau thiab Kev Nkag Nkag Nkag
Kauj Ruam 1. Tsim daim duab x/y los sib piv cov nqi thiab ntau ntau
Raws li tau hais los saum no, cov kws tshawb fawb nyiaj txiag siv kab ntawv los sib piv kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom thiab kev xav tau hauv khw. Txij li cov neeg siv khoom tau txais txiaj ntsig tau suav raws qhov kev sib raug zoo no, peb yuav siv hom kab ntawv no hauv peb qhov kev suav.
- Raws li tau hais los saum no, teeb y-axis li P (tus nqi) thiab x-axis li Q (ntau ntawm cov khoom lag luam).
- Qhov sib txawv sib txawv ntawm ob txoj kab sib txawv sib txawv hauv qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm txhua tus nqi luv rau tus nqi (P) axis thiab qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom rau qhov ntau (Q) axis.
Kauj Ruam 2. Nrhiav qhov xav tau thiab muab cov nkhaus rau cov khoom lossis cov kev pabcuam raug muag
Qhov kev xav tau thiab cov khoom nkhaus -tshwj xeeb hauv cov piv txwv thaum ntxov ntawm cov neeg siv khoom seem - feem ntau yog qhia ua cov kab sib npaug (kab ncaj ntawm kab duab). Koj cov teeb meem cov neeg siv khoom feem ntau twb muaj cov khoom siv thiab xav tau nkhaus kos, lossis koj yuav tsum kos lawv.
- Raws li tau piav qhia txog txoj kab nkhaus hauv kab ntawv uas tau muab ua ntej, qhov xav tau nkhaus yuav nqes los ntawm sab laug sab saud, thiab cov khoom xa khoom yuav nkhaus los ntawm hauv qab sab laug.
- Kev thov thiab kev nkhaus rau txhua qhov zoo lossis kev pabcuam yuav txawv, tab sis lawv yuav tsum qhia qhov tseeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev xav tau (raws li cov nyiaj uas cov neeg siv khoom tuaj yeem siv tau) thiab muab khoom (raws li cov nyiaj tau los yuav khoom).
Kauj Ruam 3. Nrhiav qhov sib npaug
Raws li tau tham ua ntej, qhov sib npaug hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev xa khoom thiab kev xav tau yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab ntawv uas ob txoj kab nkhaus sib tshuam. Piv txwv, cia peb xav tias qhov sib npaug yog nyob ntawm txoj haujlwm 15 chav nyob ntawm tus nqi taw tes ntawm IDR 50,000/chav.
Kauj Ruam 4. Kos kab kab rov tav ntawm tus nqi axis (P) ntawm qhov sib npaug
Tam sim no koj paub qhov sib npaug taw tes, kos kab kab rov tav pib los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawd uas sib tshuam sib tshuam rau tus nqi axis (P). Rau peb tus piv txwv, peb paub tias lub ntsiab lus yuav cuam tshuam tus nqi ntawm $ 50.
Thaj chaw ntawm daim duab peb sab ntawm kab kab no, kab ntsug ntawm tus nqi axis (P), thiab qhov twg qhov kev thov nkhaus cuam tshuam ob, yog thaj chaw uas sib haum rau cov neeg siv khoom seem
Kauj Ruam 5. Siv qhov sib npaug raug
Txij li daim duab peb sab cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg siv khoom feem ntau yog daim duab peb sab xis (qhov sib npaug sib npaug sib tshuam tus nqi axis (P) ntawm lub kaum sab xis 90 °) thiab "thaj chaw" ntawm daim duab peb sab yog yam koj xav suav, koj yuav tsum paub yuav suav li cas thaj tsam ntawm daim duab peb sab xis. - lub luj tshib. Qhov sib npaug yog 1/2 (puag x qhov siab) lossis (puag x qhov siab)/2.
Kauj Ruam 6. Sau tus lej uas cuam tshuam
Tam sim no koj paub qhov sib npaug thiab nws tus lej, koj npaj txhij nkag mus rau nws.
- Rau peb tus piv txwv, lub hauv paus ntawm daim duab peb sab yog qhov xav tau ntau ntawm qhov sib npaug, uas yog 15.
- Txhawm rau kom tau txais qhov siab ntawm daim duab peb sab rau peb qhov piv txwv, peb yuav tsum coj tus nqi ntawm qhov sib npaug (Rp. 50,000) thiab rho nws los ntawm tus nqi taw tes uas qhov kev thov nkhaus cuam tshuam tus nqi axis (P), piv txwv li, cia peb hais Rp. 120,000. 12,000 - 5,000 = 7,000, yog li peb siv qhov siab Rp7,000.
Kauj Ruam 7. Xam cov neeg siv khoom seem
Nrog cov lej txuas rau qhov kev ua zauv, koj npaj txhij los suav qhov tshwm sim. Nrog rau qhov piv txwv saum toj no, SK = 1/2 (15 x Rp7,000) = 1/2 x Rp105,000 = Rp52,500.
