7 Txoj Hauv Kev Txhim Kho Uranium

Cov txheej txheem:

7 Txoj Hauv Kev Txhim Kho Uranium
7 Txoj Hauv Kev Txhim Kho Uranium

Video: 7 Txoj Hauv Kev Txhim Kho Uranium

Video: 7 Txoj Hauv Kev Txhim Kho Uranium
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Uranium tau siv los ua lub zog siv hluav taws xob hauv cov reactors nuclear thiab tau siv los ua thawj lub foob pob tawg, uas tau poob rau Hiroshima xyoo 1945. Uranium yog siv los ua cov tshuaj ore hu ua pitchblende, thiab muaj ntau yam isotopes ntawm qhov hnyav thiab ntau qib sib txawv ntawm radioactivity. Txhawm rau siv hauv kev cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam, tus naj npawb ntawm isotopes 235U yuav tsum tau nce mus rau qib uas tau npaj rau kev tawg hauv lub reactor lossis foob pob. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua kev ntxiv uranium, thiab muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los ua nws.

Kauj ruam

Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 7: Txheej Txheem Txhim Kho

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 1
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 1

Kauj Ruam 1. Txiav txim siab seb uranium yuav siv rau dab tsi

Feem ntau cov uranium tsuas muaj li ntawm 0.7 feem pua 235U, nrog rau feem ntau ntawm cov seem yog isotope 238ruaj khov dua U. Hom fission cov tshuaj tiv thaiv koj xav ua nrog uranium txiav txim siab ntau npaum li cas ntawm kev nce ntxiv 235Koj yuav tsum ua kom cov uranium tuaj yeem siv tau zoo.

  • Cov uranium siv nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau 3-5 feem pua 235U. (Qee lub reactors nuclear, xws li CANDU reactor hauv Canada thiab Magnox reactor hauv tebchaws Askiv, tau tsim los siv cov tshuaj uranium uas tsis muaj ntxhia.)
  • Hauv kev sib piv, uranium, uas yog siv rau lub foob pob foob pob thiab lub taub hau taub hau, yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau 90 feem pua 235U.
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 2
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 2

Kauj Ruam 2. Hloov uranium ore rau hauv cov pa

Feem ntau ntawm cov txheej txheem kev txhim kho uranium tam sim no xav kom cov uranium ore hloov pauv mus rau hauv cov pa kub. Cov roj fluorine feem ntau tso rau hauv lub tshuab hloov pauv ore; uranium oxide roj reacts nrog fluorine los tsim uranium hexafluoride (UF6). Tom qab ntawd cov roj tau ua tiav los cais thiab sau cov isotopes 235U.

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 3
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 3

Kauj Ruam 3. Txhim kho uranium

Cov ntu tom qab ntawm kab lus no piav qhia ntau yam txheej txheem muaj los txhim kho uranium. Ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem, kev nthuav tawm cov pa roj thiab cov pa centrifugation yog ob qho tib si feem ntau, tab sis laser isotope sib cais xav kom hloov ob.

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 4
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 4

Kauj Ruam 4. Hloov UF roj6 rau uranium dioxide (UO2).

Ib zaug ntxiv, cov uranium yuav tsum tau hloov pauv mus rau daim ntawv ruaj khov rau siv raws li xav tau.

Uranium dioxide siv ua roj rau cov tshuaj tua hluav taws xob nuclear tau ua rau hauv cov pob zeb hauv av uas tau qhwv hauv cov raj hlau kom lawv dhau los ua pas nrig txog li 4 m siab

Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 7: Txheej Txheem Roj Txias

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 5
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 5

Kauj Ruam 1. Tso roj UF roj6 dhau lub cev.

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 6
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 6

Kauj Ruam 2. Tso cov roj los ntawm lub lim dej lossis cov ntxeem tau dej

Vim yog isotope 235U yog qhov hnyav dua li isotope 238Ua, UF6 isotopes sib zog yuav kis tau los ntawm daim nyias nyias sai dua isotopes hnyav dua.

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 7
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 7

Kauj Ruam 3. Rov ua cov txheej txheem nthuav tawm kom txog thaum muaj txaus 235Koj tau sau.

Rov ua dua diffusion hu ua stratified. Nws tuaj yeem siv ntau npaum li 1,400 qhov pom los ntawm daim nyias nyias kom tau txaus 235U txhawm rau txhim kho uranium zoo.

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 8
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 8

Kauj Ruam 4. Hws cov pa roj UF6 ua kua

Thaum cov roj tau txaus txaus, cov roj tau muab tso rau hauv cov kua, tom qab ntawd khaws cia rau hauv lub khob, qhov uas nws txias thiab ua kom khov kom thauj thiab ua rau hauv cov nplej.

Vim tias yuav tsum tau lim dej ntau, cov txheej txheem no yog siv zog ntau heev yog li nws tau tso tseg. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tsuas yog ib lub tsev cog roj tau nthuav tawm, nyob hauv Paducah, Kentucky

Txoj Kev 3 ntawm 7: Txheej Txheem Roj Centrifuge

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 9
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 9

Kauj Ruam 1. Txhim kho tus naj npawb ntawm cov thooj voos kheej kheej nrawm

Lub tog raj kheej no yog centrifuge. Lub centrifuge tau teeb tsa ua ntu lossis sib luag.

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 10
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 10

Kauj Ruam 2. Flow UF. Gas6 rau hauv tus kiv cua.

Lub centrifuge siv centripetal nrawm kom xa cov roj uas muaj 238hnyav U rau lub tog raj kheej phab ntsa thiab muaj roj 235sib zog U rau nruab nrab ntawm lub tog raj kheej.

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 11
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 11

Kauj Ruam 3. Tshem cov roj sib cais

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 12
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 12

Kauj Ruam 4. Rov ua dua ob lub nkev sib cais hauv ob lub centrifuges cais

Roj nplua nuj 235U tau xa mus rau lub centrifuge qhov twg 235U tseem raug rho tawm ntau dua, thaum cov pa muaj 235Qhov txo U tau pub rau lwm lub centrifuge kom rho tawm 235Qhov seem U. Qhov no tso cai rau centrifuging rho tawm ntau ntxiv 235U tshaj li tuaj yeem muab rho tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem roj nthuav tawm.

Cov txheej txheem roj centrifuge tau tsim thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1940, tab sis tsis tau muab tso rau hauv kev siv tseem ceeb kom txog rau thaum xyoo 1960, thaum nws lub peev xwm los ua kom qis zog uranium cov txheej txheem txhim kho tau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Tam sim no, cov txheej txheem roj centrifuge cog hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog nyob hauv Eunice, New Mexico. Hauv kev sib piv, tam sim no Russia muaj plaub lub tsev tsim khoom ntawm hom no, Nyiv thiab Tuam Tshoj muaj ob qho tib si, thaum lub tebchaws United Kingdom, Netherlands thiab Germany muaj ib lub

Txoj Kev 4 ntawm 7: Txheej Txheem Kev Sib Cais Aerodynamic

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 13
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 13

Kauj Ruam 1. Tsim kom muaj cov nqaim, cov thooj voos kheej kheej nyob ruaj khov

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 14
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 14

Kauj Ruam 2. Txhaj roj UF6 rau hauv lub tog raj kheej ntawm kev kub ceev.

Cov pa roj tau nkag mus rau hauv lub tog raj kheej hauv txoj hauv kev uas ua rau cov pa tig zoo li cua daj cua dub, yog li tsim ib hom kev sib cais 235U thiab 238tib U zoo li hauv cov txheej txheem centrifuge tig.

Ib txoj hauv kev tau tsim hauv South Africa yog txhawm rau txhaj roj rau hauv thooj voos kheej kheej ntawm ib sab. Txoj kev no tam sim no tau sim nrog isotopes sib dua xws li cov uas pom hauv silicon

Txoj Kev 5 ntawm 7: Cov Txheej Txheem Dej Txias Dej

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 15
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 15

Kauj Ruam 1. Liquefy UF roj6 nyob rau hauv siab.

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 16
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 16

Kauj Ruam 2. Ua ob khub ntawm cov kav dej mloog zoo

Cov yeeb nkab yuav tsum siab txaus, vim tias cov yeeb nkab siab dua tso cai sib cais isotope ntau dua 235U thiab 238U.

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 17
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 17

Kauj Ruam 3. Tsho cov yeeb nkab nrog txheej txheej dej

Qhov no yuav txias sab nraum cov yeeb nkab.

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 18
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 18

Kauj Ruam 4. Tso UF6 kua nruab nrab ntawm cov kav dej.

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 19
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 19

Kauj Ruam 5. Tshav kub sab hauv nrog cov pa

Cov cua sov yuav ua rau muaj kev sib txig sib luag hauv UF6 uas yuav nyiam cov isotope 235Qhov sib zog U rau ntawm lub raj kub sab hauv thiab thawb lub isotope 238hnyav U rau ntawm cov yeeb nkab txias sab nraud.

Cov txheej txheem no tau tshawb fawb hauv xyoo 1940 uas yog ib feem ntawm Manhattan Project, tab sis tau tso tseg nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev txhim kho thaum tsim cov txheej txheem tso pa kom zoo dua qub

Txoj Kev 6 ntawm 7: Txheej Txheem Kev Sib Txuas Hluav Taws Xob Isotope

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 20
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 20

Kauj Ruam 1. Ionization ntawm UF6.

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 21
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 21

Kauj Ruam 2. Dhau roj los ntawm qhov chaw muaj zog sib nqus

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 22
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 22

Kauj Ruam 3. Cais cov isotopes ntawm ionized uranium raws li cov cim tseg tom qab thaum lawv dhau los ntawm cov hlau nplaum

Ion 235U tawm ntawm txoj kev nrog lub arc sib txawv dua li cov ion 238U. Cov ions tuaj yeem raug cais los txhawb uranium.

Txoj hauv kev no tau siv los ua cov txheej txheem uranium rau lub foob pob foob pob poob rau Hiroshima xyoo 1945 thiab tseem yog txoj hauv kev txhim kho siv los ntawm Iraq hauv nws qhov kev tsim riam phom nuclear xyoo 1992. Txoj hauv kev no xav tau 10 lub zog ntau dua li cov pa roj tawm, ua rau nws siv tsis tau rau txoj haujlwm kev loj hlob loj

Txoj Kev 7 ntawm 7: Laser Isotope Separation Process

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 23
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 23

Kauj Ruam 1. Teeb lub laser rau xim tshwj xeeb

Lub laser nqaj yuav tsum ua kom tiav ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb nthwv dej (monochromatic). Qhov nthwv dej no tsuas yog tsom mus rau atoms 235U, thiab cia cov atom 238Koj tsis raug cuam tshuam.

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 24
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 24

Kauj Ruam 2. Ua lub teeb ci laser mus rau hauv uranium

Tsis zoo li lwm cov txheej txheem kev txhim kho uranium, koj tsis tas yuav siv uranium hexafluoride roj, txawm hais tias feem ntau cov txheej txheem laser ua. Koj kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv cov tshuaj uranium thiab cov hlau ua cov khoom siv uranium, uas yog siv hauv Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation (AVLIS) txheej txheem.

Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 25
Txhim Kho Uranium Kauj Ruam 25

Kauj Ruam 3. Kev tshem tawm cov uranium atoms nrog cov electrons zoo siab

Nws yuav yog atom 235U.

Lub tswv yim

Qee lub tebchaws tau rov kho dua siv cov roj nuclear kom rov qab tau uranium thiab plutonium hauv nws uas tau tsim thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Kev kho dua tshiab uranium yuav tsum raug tshem tawm ntawm isotope 232U thiab 236U tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm tawg, thiab yog tias muaj cov nplua nuj, yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau qib siab dua li "tshiab" uranium vim tias 236U nqus cov neutrons yog li inhibiting cov txheej txheem fission. Yog li ntawd, rov ua dua tshiab uranium yuav tsum tau muab cais cais los ntawm uranium uas tau ntxiv tshiab tshiab thawj zaug.

Ceeb toom

  • Uranium tso tawm tsuas yog cov xov tooj cua tsis muaj zog; txawm li cas los xij, thaum ua tiav rau hauv UF6, nws dhau los ua cov tshuaj lom uas muaj tshuaj lom nrog dej los tsim cov tshuaj corrosive hydrofluoric acid. (Cov kua qaub no feem ntau hu ua "etching acid" vim nws tau siv los txhawm rau iav.) Yog li ntawd, cov nroj tsuag txhim kho uranium xav tau kev tiv thaiv tib yam li cov nroj tsuag tshuaj ua haujlwm nrog tshuaj fluorine, uas suav nrog khaws UF cov pa ntawm qhov chaw.6 nyob rau hauv qis qis feem ntau ntawm lub sijhawm thiab siv qib ntxiv ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv cov cheeb tsam uas xav tau kev kub siab.
  • Kev kho dua tshiab uranium yuav tsum tau muab khaws cia rau hauv cov ntawv tuab, vim tias 232U hauv nws decomposes rau hauv cov ntsiab lus uas tso tawm cov hluav taws xob gamma muaj zog.
  • Enriched uranium feem ntau tsuas tuaj yeem rov ua dua ib zaug.

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