Ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim los xav txog tshuaj lom neeg yog xav txog txheej txheem ntawm ua ncuav. Peb sib tov tag nrho cov khoom xyaw ua ke (hmoov, butter, ntsev, qab zib thiab qe), thiab tom qab ci, qhov sib xyaw no hloov mus ua zaub mov (ncuav mog qab zib). Hauv cov ntsiab lus tshuaj, qhov sib npaug yog daim ntawv qhia, cov khoom xyaw yog "reactants," thiab ncuav mog qab zib yog "khoom". Txhua qhov sib npaug tshuaj zoo li "A + B C (+ D..)", qhov twg txhua tsab ntawv sawv cev rau ib lub hauv paus lossis cov qauv (ib pawg ntawm atoms tuav ua ke los ntawm cov tshuaj sib txuas). Cov xub cim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lossis kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim.
Kauj ruam
Ntu 1 ntawm 3: Kawm Cov Hauv Paus ntawm Chemistry
Kauj Ruam 1. Kawm cov ntawv teev caij nyoog
Atoms yog cov hauv paus yooj yim uas tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg. Atoms (cov ntsiab lus) tuaj yeem pom hauv cov lus teev tseg. Lub rooj ntu ntawm cov ntsiab lus muaj nyob hauv phau ntawv tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau lossis hauv online thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig. Cov lus no qhia peb tus lej atomic (tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv atom lub nucleus), atomic loj (tus naj npawb ntawm protons thiab neutrons hauv atom lub nucleus), ntxiv rau lub cim atomic rau ib lub ntsiab.
Lub cim rau ib lub ntsiab lus tuaj yeem yog ib tsab ntawv loj lossis ntawv loj ua tom qab ntawv me Piv txwv li, C yog rau carbon thiab Nws yog rau helium
Kauj Ruam 2. Nco qab tias lub hauv paus tsim los li cas
Cov pa roj carbon ntshiab tuaj yeem pom ua graphite lossis pob zeb diamond, thiab tau hais los ntawm tsab ntawv C.
Ntau lub ntsiab lus uas yog roj cua hauv chav sov yuav tsum sib koom ua ke kom ruaj khov. Cov khub ntawm atoms no hu ua diatomic molecules. Piv txwv li, 1 cov pa oxygen tsis ruaj khov. Cov pa peb ua pa muaj cov diatomic khub O2 (uas ruaj khov), ib yam li N2, uas yog daim ntawv ruaj khov ntawm Nitrogen
Kauj Ruam 3. Paub yuav sau cov mis mos li cas kom raug
Cov qauv tshuaj molecular yog kev npaj ua ntu ntawm cov atoms hauv cov molecule, nrog txhua lub cim atomic ua raws los ntawm tus lej sau qis uas qhia tus lej ntawm atoms ntawm ib hom tshwj xeeb hauv ib ntu.
Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj methane tau tsim los ntawm 1 carbon atom thiab 4 hydrogen atoms, yog li nws tau sau ua CH4. Lwm cov tshuaj hauv tsev xws li ammonia gas (NH3) lossis tshuaj dawb (HClO4) tau sau li no
Ntu 2 ntawm 3: Sau Cov Tshuaj Sib Piv
Kauj Ruam 1. Paub cov reactants hauv kab zauv
Cov reactants nyob rau sab laug ntawm tus xub. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sawv cev rau cov khoom pib rau tshuaj lom neeg tshuaj peb tau sau txog. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tau qhia ua atoms lossis molecules lossis ua ke ntawm ob qho tib si.
Rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj: Fe + O2 Fe2O3, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog: Hlau (Fe) thiab Oxygen (O2)
Kauj Ruam 2. Paub cov khoom hauv kab zauv
Cov khoom yog nyob rau sab xis ntawm tus xub. Cov khoom lag luam qhia txog cov lwg me me uas tshwm sim los ntawm tshuaj lom neeg tshuaj peb tau sau txog. Cov khoom lag luam kuj tuaj yeem sau ua atoms lossis molecules lossis ua ke ntawm ob.
Rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj: Fe + O2 Fe2O3, cov khoom lag luam yog: Hlau (III) Oxide (Fe2O3), lossis xeb
Kauj Ruam 3. Nco ntsoov tias qhov sib npaug no tseem tsis tau sib npaug
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hlau tig mus rau xeb (hlau oxide) xav tau hlau thiab oxygen, yog li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog Fe thiab O2 thiab cov khoom yog Fe2O3. Tom qab ntawd qhov sib npaug uas sawv cev rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog Fe + O2 Fe2O3. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis raug vim tias nws tseem tsis tau sib npaug.
Ntu 3 ntawm 3: Ntsuas Kev Sib Txawv Tshuaj
Kauj Ruam 1. Nco Dalton's atomic theory
Atoms tsis tuaj yeem tsim lossis rhuav tshem thaum lub sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv (tshwj tsis yog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear, uas dhau qhov uas tau hais tseg hauv kab lus no). Qhov no txhais tau tias txhua lub atoms ntawm ob sab ntawm tus xub yuav tsum suav.
Piv txwv, Fe + O2 Fe2O3 equation rau xeb hlau raws li sau ntawv tsis raug. 1 Fe thiab 2 O hnov mob, tab sis qhov tshwm sim yog 2 Fe thiab 3 O. Txhawm rau zam nws, kho tus nqi thiab piv ntawm cov tswv yim. Nrog qee qhov kev sim, nws tuaj yeem pom tias 4 Fe + 3 O2 2 Fe2O3. Plaub lub hlau atoms nyob ntawm ob sab ntawm tus xub thiab rau rau qhov atoms oxygen kuj tseem nyob ntawm ob sab ntawm tus xub. Txhua tus lej yuav tsum tau siv hauv qhov kev ua zauv vim tias tsis muaj ib yam zoo li ib nrab molecule, yog li sau qhov sib npaug 2 Fe + 11/2 O2 Fe2O3 tsis raug
Kauj Ruam 2. Sau qhov tseeb tshuaj zauv sib npaug
Rau qhov piv txwv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv peb tau ua haujlwm (hlau thiab cov pa oxygen ua rau xeb), qhov ua kom raug qhov kawg yog:
2 Fe + 3O2 2 Fe2O3
Kauj Ruam 3. Xyaum Ua
Sim ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hlawv methane thiab oxygen kom tsim cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab dej: CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O. Cov coefficients ntawm txhua lub molecule yog dab tsi? Qhov tshwm sim yog CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O. Ntawm txhua sab ntawm tus xub yog 1 carbon, 4 hydrogen, thiab 4 oxygen. Ntau lub vev xaib muab teeb meem teeb tsa lossis pab ntxiv nrog ntsuas qhov sib npaug.
