Hauv kev txheeb cais, tus tshaj tawm lossis "outlier" yog datum uas sib txawv deb heev ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov qauv lossis txheej ntawm datums (txheej ntawm datum hu ua cov ntaub ntawv). Feem ntau, qhov ua tsis tau zoo hauv cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg tuaj yeem ua rau ceeb toom rau tus neeg ntsuas ntawm qhov tsis txawv txav lossis kev sim ua yuam kev hauv kev ntsuas ntsuas, uas tuaj yeem ua rau tus kws ntsuas ntaub ntawv tshem tawm qhov ntsuas tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg. Yog tias tus kws txheeb cais tshem tawm qhov tsis zoo los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg, cov lus xaus los ntawm kev kawm tuaj yeem sib txawv heev. Yog li ntawd, paub yuav suav li cas thiab txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv yog qhov tseem ceeb heev kom ntseeg tau qhov kev nkag siab raug ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais.
Kauj ruam
Kauj Ruam 1. Kawm paub txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li cas
Ua ntej peb txiav txim siab seb yuav tshem tawm cov ntaub ntawv ntau dua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg lossis tsis yog, peb yuav tsum txheeb xyuas tias cov ntaub ntawv twg muaj peev xwm dhau los ua neeg txawv. Feem ntau, tus tshaj tawm yog cov ntaub ntawv uas sib txawv deb heev los ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv hauv ib daim ntawv teev npe - hauv lwm lo lus, tus tshaj tawm yog "sab nraud" ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv. Nws feem ntau yog ib qho yooj yim los txheeb xyuas qhov ua tsis tau zoo hauv cov ntaub ntawv lossis (tshwj xeeb) daim duab. Yog tias ib txheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau piav qhia pom nrog daim duab, cov ntaub ntawv dhau los yuav tshwm "zoo li nyob deb" los ntawm lwm qhov datum. Yog tias, piv txwv li, feem ntau ntawm cov datum hauv cov datum teeb tsa ib txoj kab ncaj, cov ntaub ntawv dhau los yuav tsis tsim nyog txhais raws li tsim kab ntawv ntawd.
Cia peb saib cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg uas sawv cev rau qhov kub ntawm 12 yam khoom sib txawv hauv ib chav. Yog tias 11 yam khoom muaj qhov kub li ntawm 70 Fahrenheit (21 degrees Celsius), tab sis qhov khoom thib 12, lub qhov cub, muaj qhov kub txog 300 Fahrenheit (150 degrees Celsius), nws tuaj yeem pom tam sim ntawd tias qhov cub kub zoo li cas ib outlier
Kauj Ruam 2. Npaj cov datums hauv cov txheej ntawm datums los ntawm qis dua mus rau siab tshaj
Thawj kauj ruam los laij tawm cov txiaj ntsig hauv cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa yog nrhiav qhov nruab nrab (tus nqi nruab nrab) ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg ntawd. Txoj haujlwm no dhau los ua qhov yooj yim heev yog tias cov datums hauv cov txheej ntawm datums tau teeb tsa los ntawm qhov tsawg tshaj plaws mus rau qhov loj tshaj. Yog li, ua ntej txuas ntxiv, npaj cov datum hauv ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg.
Cia peb ua piv txwv saum toj no. Nov yog peb cov ntaub ntawv teev qhia txog qhov kub ntawm ntau yam khoom hauv chav: {71, 70, 73, 70, 70, 69, 70, 72, 71, 300, 71, 69}. Yog tias peb npaj cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm qis mus rau siab tshaj, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov ntawv sau ua: {69, 69, 70, 70, 70, 70, 70, 71, 71, 71, 71, 72, 73, 300}
Kauj Ruam 3. Xam nruab nrab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg
Qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg yog cov ntaub ntawv uas lwm qhov ib nrab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob saum toj no cov ntaub ntawv thiab ib nrab uas seem yog qis dua nws - qhov tseeb, cov ntaub ntawv ntawd yog cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob hauv "nruab nrab" ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa. Yog tias cov naj npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg yog khib, nws yooj yim heev los nrhiav - qhov nruab nrab yog cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj tib tus lej saum toj no thiab hauv qab nws. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem yog, yog li, vim tias tsis muaj leej twg datum haum rau hauv nruab nrab, 2 datum hauv nruab nrab yog qhov nruab nrab txhawm rau nrhiav qhov nruab nrab. Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias, thaum xam cov lej sib txawv, qhov nruab nrab feem ntau tau muab rau qhov sib txawv Q2-ni vim tias Q2 nyob nruab nrab ntawm Q1 thiab Q3, qis dua thiab qis dua quartile, uas peb yuav tham tom qab.
- Tsis yuav tsum tsis meej pem nrog datum teeb tsa qhov twg tus naj npawb ntawm datum yog txawm tias-qhov nruab nrab ntawm 2 nruab nrab datum feem ntau yuav rov qab tus lej uas tsis nyob hauv datum teeb nws tus kheej-qhov no tsis ua li cas. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias 2 daim ntawv nruab nrab yog tib tus lej, qhov nruab nrab, tau kawg, kuj yuav yog tib tus lej, uas yog qhov zoo.
- Hauv qhov piv txwv saum toj no, peb muaj 12 datum. 2 qhov nruab nrab datums yog 6th thiab 7th datums-70 thiab 71 feem. 70.5.
Kauj Ruam 4. Xam lub quartile qis
Tus nqi no, uas peb muab qhov sib txawv Q1, yog datum uas sawv cev rau 25 feem pua (lossis peb lub hlis twg) ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws yog datum uas faib cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob hauv qab nruab nrab. Yog tias cov naj npawb ntawm cov ntawv hauv qab nruab nrab yog txawm tias, koj yuav tsum rov nruab nrab 2 datum hauv nruab nrab kom pom Q1, ib yam li koj xav pom qhov nruab nrab nws tus kheej.
Hauv peb qhov piv txwv, muaj 6 datums uas nyob saum nruab nrab, thiab 6 datum uas nyob hauv qab nruab nrab. Qhov no txhais tau tias, txhawm rau nrhiav qis dua peb lub hlis, peb yuav xav tau qhov nruab nrab 2 datum nyob nruab nrab ntawm 6 datum hauv qab nruab nrab. Hnub thib 3 thiab 4 ntawm 6 datum hauv qab qhov nruab nrab yog ob qho 70. Yog li, qhov nruab nrab yog ((70 + 70) / 2), = 70. 70 dhau los ua peb Q1.
Kauj Ruam 5. Xam lub quartile sab saud
Tus nqi no, uas peb muab qhov sib txawv Q3, yog datum uas muaj 25 feem pua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg. Nrhiav Q3 zoo ib yam li nrhiav Q1, tshwj tsis yog tias, hauv qhov no, peb tab tom saib cov ntaub ntawv sau saum nruab nrab, tsis qis dua qhov nruab nrab.
Txuas ntxiv peb qhov piv txwv saum toj no, 2 datums nyob nruab nrab ntawm 6 datum saum nruab nrab yog 71 thiab 72. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm 2 datum no yog ((71 + 72)/2), = 71, 5. 71, 5 yog peb Q3.
Kauj Ruam 6. Nrhiav qhov sib nrug deb
Tam sim no peb tau pom Q1 thiab Q3, peb yuav tsum suav qhov deb ntawm ob qhov kev hloov pauv no. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm Q1 txog Q3 yog pom los ntawm kev rho tawm Q1 los ntawm Q3. Cov txiaj ntsig koj tau txais rau kev sib nrug deb yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau kev txheeb xyuas thaj tsam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis zoo nyob hauv koj cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg.
- Hauv peb qhov piv txwv, peb qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm Q1 thiab Q3 yog 70 thiab 71, 5. Txhawm rau nrhiav qhov sib nrug deb, peb rho Q3 - Q1 = 71.5 - 70 = 1, 5.
- Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov no kuj muaj tseeb txawm tias Q1, Q3, lossis ob qho tib si yog tus lej tsis zoo. Piv txwv li, yog tias peb Q1 tus nqi yog -70, peb qhov kev sib tham sib raug yog 71.5 -(-70) = 141, 5.
Kauj Ruam 7. Nrhiav “laj kab sab hauv” hauv cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg
Cov kws tshaj lij tau pom los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas seb cov ntaub ntawv poob nyob hauv tus lej ciam teb hu ua "laj kab sab hauv" thiab "laj kab sab nrauv". Cov ntaub ntawv uas poob sab nraum lub laj kab sab hauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev npe raug xa mus ua "qhov tsis raug cai me me", thaum cov ntaub ntawv uas ntog sab nraum lub laj kab sab nraud raug xa mus ua "qhov loj dua". Txhawm rau nrhiav lub laj kab sab hauv hauv koj cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg, ua ntej muab qhov sib nrug nruab nrab ntawm 1, 5. Tom qab ntawd, ntxiv qhov tshwm sim los ntawm Q3 thiab tseem rho nws los ntawm Q1. Ob qhov txiaj ntsig koj tau txais yog lub laj kab sab hauv ntawm koj cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg.
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Hauv peb qhov piv txwv, qhov sib nrug deb yog (71.5 - 70), lossis 1.5. Sib npaug 1.5 los ntawm 1.5 uas ua rau 2.25.
- 71, 5 + 2, 25 = 73, 75
- 70 - 2, 25 = 67, 75
- Yog li, qhov ciam teb ntawm peb lub laj kab sab hauv yog 67, 75 thiab 73, 75.
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Hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg, tsuas yog lub qhov cub sov, 300 Fahrenheit - nyob sab nraum cov kev txwv no thiab yog li cov ntaub ntawv no yog qhov me dua. Txawm li cas los xij, peb tseem tsis tau suav tias qhov ntsuas kub no yog qhov loj dua, yog li tsis txhob dhia mus rau qhov kev txiav txim siab kom txog thaum peb tau ua tiav peb qhov kev suav.
Xam Tawm Cov Kauj Ruam 7Bullet2
Kauj Ruam 8. Nrhiav "laj kab sab nrauv" hauv cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg
Qhov no tau ua tiav hauv tib txoj kev raws li nrhiav lub laj kab sab hauv, tshwj tsis yog tias qhov sib nrug deb sib nrug yog 3 sib npaug li 1.5. Qhov tshwm sim yog tom qab ntawd ntxiv rau Q3 thiab rho tawm los ntawm Q1 txhawm rau nrhiav thaj tsam sab saud thiab qis dua ntawm cov laj kab sab nrauv.
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Hauv peb qhov piv txwv, sib npaug qhov sib nrug deb ntawm 3 muab (1, 5 x 3), lossis 4, 5. Peb pom cov ciam teb ntawm lub laj kab sab nrauv ib yam nkaus li ua ntej:
- 71, 5 + 4, 5 = 76
- 70 - 4, 5 = 65, 5
- Ciam teb ntawm lub laj kab sab nrauv yog 65.5 ib 76.
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Cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob sab nraum tus ciam teb ntawm lub laj kab sab nrauv raug xa mus rau qhov ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj. Hauv qhov piv txwv no, qhov kub ntawm qhov cub, 300 Fahrenheit, tau pom meej sab nraum lub laj kab sab nrauv, yog li cov ntaub ntawv no yog "qhov tseeb" qhov tseem ceeb tshaj.
Xam Tawm Cov Kauj Ruam 8Bullet2
Kauj Ruam 9. Siv qhov kev txiav txim zoo los txiav txim seb puas yuav "muab pov tseg" cov ntaub ntawv qub
Siv cov txheej txheem piav qhia saum toj no, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb lub datum yog cov ntaub ntawv me, cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, lossis tsis yog qhov tsis zoo txhua. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis txhob ua yuam kev -nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv raws li qhov tsis zoo tsuas yog cim tias cov ntaub ntawv yog "tus neeg sib tw" yuav raug tshem tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg, tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv uas "yuav tsum" muab pov tseg. Qhov "laj thawj" uas ua rau muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntau dhau los sib txawv los ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev hauv kev txiav txim siab tias yuav muab pov tseg lossis tsis ua. Feem ntau, qhov tsis zoo tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua yuam kev hauv kev ntsuas, kaw cia, lossis npaj phiaj xwm, piv txwv li-tuaj yeem muab pov tseg. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov txawv uas tsis yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua yuam kev thiab uas qhia txog cov ntaub ntawv tshiab lossis kev hloov pauv uas tsis tau kwv yees yav tas los feem ntau yog "tsis" muab pov tseg.
- Lwm qhov kev txiav txim siab los txiav txim siab yog seb tus neeg tawm tsam muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg, piv txwv li seb tus neeg tawm tsam tsis meej pem nws lossis ua rau pom tsis raug. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev los txiav txim siab yog tias koj npaj siab los txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm koj cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa.
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Cia peb kawm peb tus yam ntxwv. Hauv qhov piv txwv no, txij li nws zoo li "tsis txaus ntseeg" uas lub qhov cub ncav cuag 300 Fahrenheit los ntawm qhov tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees lub zog, peb tuaj yeem xaus nrog qhov yuav luag paub tseeb tias lub qhov cub tau raug tso tawm tsis raug, ua rau muaj qhov tsis xws luag ntawm qhov kub. Tsis tas li, yog tias peb tsis tshem tawm qhov tsis zoo, peb cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg yog (69 + 69 + 70 + 70 + 70 + 70 + 70 + 71 + 71 + 71 + 71 + 72 + 73 + 300)/12 = 89.67 Fahrenheit (32 degrees Celsius)), thaum nruab nrab yog tias peb tshem tawm qhov tsis sib xws yog (69 + 69 + 70 + 70 + 70 + 70 + 71 + 71 + 71 + 71 + 72 + 73)/11 = 70.55 Fahrenheit (21 degrees Celsius).
Txij li cov xwm txheej no tau tshwm sim los ntawm tib neeg ua yuam kev thiab vim tias nws yuav tsis raug hais tias qhov nruab nrab hauv chav sov nce mus txog ze li 90 Fahrenheit (32 degrees Celsius), peb zoo dua xaiv "pov tseg" peb qhov txawv
Kauj Ruam 10. Paub qhov tseem ceeb (qee zaum) ntawm kev tswj hwm qhov txawv
Txawm hais tias qee qhov kev tshaj tawm yuav tsum raug tshem tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg vim tias lawv ua rau yuam kev thiab/lossis ua rau cov txiaj ntsig tsis raug lossis ua tsis raug, qee qhov tsis zoo yuav tsum raug tswj hwm. Yog tias, piv txwv li, tus neeg tawm tsam zoo li tau txais ib txwm muaj (uas yog, tsis yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov ua yuam kev) thiab/lossis muab qhov kev xav tshiab ntawm qhov tshwm sim hauv kev kawm, qhov yuav tsum tsis raug tshem tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg. Kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb feem ntau yog qhov xwm txheej rhiab heev thaum nws los txog rau qhov tsis zoo - tshem tawm qhov tsis raug tuaj yeem txhais tau tias muab pov tseg cov ntaub ntawv uas qhia txog kev hloov pauv tshiab lossis kev tshawb pom.
