Koj tuaj yeem pom nws yooj yim siv lo lus "et cetera", uas tuaj yeem txhais ua "thiab lwm tus" lossis "thiab lwm yam", thiab luv rau "thiab lwm yam." Tau kawg txhua tus paub siv "lwm yam" li cas. ua lus Askiv raug, puas yog? Yog, tab sis qhov tseeb siv lo lus "et cetera" tsis yooj yim -nws feem ntau sau ntawv tsis raug, tsis cim kom raug, thiab txawm tias sau tsis raug! Kev siv "et cetera" tsis yog ib txwm qhia hauv cov tsev kawm vim tias nws suav tias tsuas yog ua luv luv xwb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau peb kom paub siv nws kom raug. Saib Kauj Ruam 1 kom pib.
Kauj ruam
Kauj Ruam 1. Siv "thiab lwm yam" yog tias koj txhais tau tias "thiab ntxiv rau" lossis "lwm yam hauv tib pawg"
"Et cetera" yog siv txoj hauv kev luv luv ntawm kev hais "thiab ntxiv rau", "thiab ntxiv rau", lossis "thiab ntxiv rau", thiab tseem piav qhia cov npe yam tsis teev lawv txhua. Txawm li cas los xij, nco ntsoov tias txhua yam ntawm daim ntawv teev npe nyob hauv tib pawg kom "thiab lwm yam" tsis yuam kev cov neeg nyeem.
- Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem hais tias, "Peb tuaj yeem siv cupcakes, ncuav qab zib, thiab lwm yam." ("Peb tuaj yeem noj cupcakes, ncuav qab zib, thiab lwm yam.") Qhov no qhia tau tias lawv tuaj yeem siv txhua hom khoom qab zib, thiab tuaj yeem rov sau dua mus rau, "Peb tuaj yeem siv cupcakes, ncuav qab zib, thiab ntxiv rau." ("Peb tuaj yeem siv cupcakes, ncuav qab zib, thiab lwm yam")
- Tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem hais tias, "Nqa cov qhob cij hamburger, daim ntawv tais, khob cij, thiab lwm yam." ("Nqa cov hamburger rau kuv, daim ntawv tais, khob cij, thiab lwm yam"), vim tias cov khoom hauv daim ntawv teev npe tsis yog koom nrog tib pawg, thiab tus neeg uas koj tham nrog yuav tsis nkag siab koj txhais li cas.
- Yam khoom hauv tib pawg no tsis tas yuav yog cov khoom siv ua pob zeb, tab sis kuj tuaj yeem yog kev xav lossis lwm yam "yam." Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem hais tias, "Thov sau koj qhov kev xav thib peb hnub no (kev tu siab, npau taws, ntshai, thiab lwm yam)"
Kauj Ruam 2. Tsis txhob siv cov lus pib rau npe, xws li "xws li" lossis "piv txwv" nrog "lwm yam". "Koj tsis tuaj yeem hais" Nqa cov khoom xws li ncuav mog qab zib, qhob noom xim kasfes, thiab lwm yam rau tog neeg, "vim" xws li "(" nyiam ") twb qhia tau tias cov npe uas koj tau muab tsis tiav. Koj tuaj yeem hais yooj yim, "Nqa khoom xws li ncuav mog qab zib, qhob noom xim kasfes, thiab mis nyuj khov rau tog" lossis "Nqa ncuav mog qab zib, qhob noom xim kasfes, mis nyuj khov, thiab lwm yam tuaj rau tog."
Kauj Ruam 3. Tsis txhob siv “lwm yam. "Ntau dua ib zaug hauv ib kab lus. Txawm hais tias qee tus yuav pom tias nws tsim nyog siv "lwm yam" ntau dua ib zaug hauv kab lus los hais qhia ntau yam ntxiv uas xav tau, qhov tseeb yog "ib yam". txaus xwb. Hais qee yam xws li, "Kuv yuav tsum tau ua cov tais diav, ntxuav lub tsheb, ntxuav kuv chav, thiab lwm yam, thiab lwm yam, thiab lwm yam, ua ntej tog" tsis muaj tseeb.
Kauj Ruam 4. Tsis txhob siv “thiab” (“thiab”) ua ntej “thiab lwm yam. "Txij li lo lus" et "hauv" et cetera "twb txhais tau tias" thiab ", siv kab lus" thiab lwm yam " tsis tsim nyog vim qhov no txhais tau tias koj tab tom hais "thiab thiab seem". Nco ntsoov tias koj tsis siv "thiab" thaum siv "thiab lwm yam"
Kauj Ruam 5. Tsis txhob siv “lwm yam. "Thaum koj tham txog daim ntawv teev cov khoom xav tau thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Yog tias koj tsuas xav tau ncuav qab zib, ncuav, thiab donuts rau ib tog twg, sau "ncuav qab zib, ncuav qab zib, donuts, thiab lwm yam." tsis tsim nyog raws li qhov no yuav ua rau tus nyeem ntawv xav tias lawv tuaj yeem nqa lwm cov khoom qab zib.
Kauj Ruam 6. Tsis txhob siv “lwm yam. "Hais txog tib neeg. "Lwm yam." tsuas yog siv tau rau cov khoom; kom xa mus rau tib neeg, koj tuaj yeem siv "et. lwm. " Koj tsis tuaj yeem hais tias, "Kuv tsis tuaj yeem pab tab sis tsis txaus siab los ntawm kuv cov kwv tij hluas - Mary, Joe, Sue, thiab lwm yam - txawm tias kuv sim ua zoo rau lawv.", Joe, Sue, thiab lwm yam - txawm tias txawm tias kuv sim ua zoo rau lawv. ") Tsis txhob hais li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem hais tias," Kuv tsis tuaj yeem pab tab sis ua rau kuv cov kwv tij tsis txaus siab - Mary, Joe, Sue et al … - txawm tias kuv sim ua zoo rau lawv. " Hauv qhov piv txwv no, koj siv "li al.", uas txhais tau hais tias "lwm tus," los hais txog nws lwm cov kwv tij uas tsis txaus siab.
Kauj Ruam 7. Siv kev sau kom raug
Koj tuaj yeem sau "Et Cetera", lossis "etc." Qee qhov lwm qhov yog '' thiab caetera, thiab cœtera '' los yogthiab lwm yam , tab sis cov ntawv sau sib xws yog "thiab lwm yam." Ua tib zoo nco qab tias lo lus no tau sau li cas, vim tias yog nws tsis raug nws yuav pom zoo heev. Tsis txhob sau nws "ect" lossis "cet" lossis lwm yam, txawm hais tias koj tuaj yeem sau nws & e., &/C., Lossis & ct. Koj tsis tas yuav kawm tag nrho cov ntawv sau no. Tsuas yog xaiv ib qho uas koj tuaj yeem siv tau raug.
Ceev faj tshaj tawm "thiab lwm yam". Yog tias koj tau siv los hais "ek-SET-ra", nws yog lub sijhawm kom tshem lub suab "k" ntawd! Qhov hais tawm raug yog "ET set-ra"
Kauj Ruam 8. Siv cov cim raug rau "thiab lwm yam. "Qhov kawg ntawm" lwm yam "yuav tsum muaj lub sijhawm. (Qhov no tsis siv yog tias koj siv niaj hnub "qhib cov cim", uas tsis suav lub sijhawm rau piv txwv, piv txwv li, thiab lwm yam). Yooj yim, txoj cai? Thaum koj kab lus ua tiav, xaus nws nrog nres tag nrho, tsis txhob muab lwm tus cim cim cim cim tseg, tab sis yog tias koj xav hais lwm yam hauv kab lus tib yam, koj yuav tsum muab tus lej cim tom qab tus cim. Piv txwv li:
Lawv tau noj cov ncuav qab zib, ncuav qab zib, txiv laum huab xeeb, paj ntaub zoo nkauj, thiab lwm yam, thiab nws tsis txaus ntseeg tias lawv tau mob plab
Kauj Ruam 9. Kawm paub siv lwm cov cim cim cim nyob ib puag ncig "thiab lwm yam. "Yog, koj yuav tsum siv lub sijhawm thiab tus lej, tab sis yog tias koj tseem yuav tsum siv cov cim cim, cim cim cim cim cim tseg, thiab cov lus hais exclamation," thiab lwm yam. tuaj yeem tsis meej pem. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- Muab lo lus nug tom qab lub sijhawm hauv "thiab lwm yam"
- Muab tus exclamation point tam sim ntawd tom qab lub sijhawm.
- Muab tus cim cim cim tam sim ntawd tom qab lub sijhawm thiab siv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm nws thiab lo lus tom ntej.
- Muab cov kab zauv nyob ib ncig ntawm yam uas koj siv nrog "lwm yam" thaum xav tau. Piv txwv li: "Cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum tsis txhob ntim cov kua hauv lawv lub hnab nqa (dej, tsuaj zawv plaub hau, pleev pleev, thiab lwm yam)"
Lub tswv yim
- Zoo li "thiab lwm yam", "et ux" lossis "et vir" (tshaj tawm "eht VEER") tau siv (feem ntau yog raws li txoj cai) txhawm rau txheeb xyuas lwm tus neeg li "thiab tus poj niam" lossis "thiab tus txiv" feem, txawm tias lwm tog neeg npe. Piv txwv, "John Smith et ux", lossis "John Smith et ux Melissa Smith."
- Ua tib zoo xav txog kev siv "et cetera". Qee zaum, sau cov lus "thiab ntxiv rau" lossis sau "…" yuav tsim nyog dua lossis saib zoo dua hauv cov ntsiab lus.
- Raws li William Strunk hauv The Elements of Style, "etc." yog "sib npaug thiab sib luag, thiab ntxiv rau, thiab yog li yuav tsum tsis txhob siv yog tias ib qho ntawm cov no tsis tuaj yeem siv tau, kom raug, txwv tsis pub tus nyeem ntawv yuav tsis meej pem txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb." Nrog qhov kev txhais no, koj tuaj yeem siv "lwm yam" tsuas yog koj tus neeg tham lus yuav paub qhov tseeb lossis yam khoom koj txhais li cas, tab sis feem ntau cov neeg niaj hnub no tuaj yeem pom cov lus txhais no tsis dhau. Qhov teeb meem ntawm no yog "lwm yam" tsis tshwj xeeb txaus, thiab raws li qhov yuav tsum tau zam.
- Kawm lwm txoj hauv kev rau "thiab lwm yam". Koj tuaj yeem siv, "thiab ntxiv rau", lossis sau "…". Qhov twg koj xaiv, nws yuav ua haujlwm zoo ib yam thiab xa cov lus raug.
