Sau cov kab lus lossis cov duab piav qhia yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau xov xwm. Cov kab lus yuav tsum yog qhov tseeb thiab qhia. Qhov tseeb, cov neeg nyeem feem ntau nyiam saib cov duab ua ntej, tom qab ntawv nyeem cov kab lus hauv zaj dab neeg ua ntej txiav txim siab nyeem zaj dab neeg nws tus kheej. Siv cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no los pab koj sau kab lus uas yuav ntxias tus nyeem ntawv kom nyeem tag nrho zaj dab neeg.
Kauj ruam
Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 3: Kawm Paub Txog Lub Hauv Paus
Kauj Ruam 1. Txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb
Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm txhua hom kev sau xov xwm yog qhov raug. Yog tias koj siv cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug, zaj dab neeg lossis duab yuav poob kev ntseeg siab. Ua ntej rub tawm lossis luam tawm ib daim duab kab lus, nco ntsoov tias koj tau tshuaj xyuas tias txhua yam uas tau hais hauv kab lus yog qhov tseeb.
Tsis txhob sau cov ntawv tsis raug yog tias koj muaj teeb meem tshuaj xyuas qhov tseeb, txawm tias koj tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav qhov tseeb los yog vim tias koj nyob rau lub sijhawm kawg. Nws yog lub tswv yim zoo kom tshem tawm cov ntaub ntawv yog tias koj tsis paub meej tias nws raug
Kauj Ruam 2. Piav qhia dab tsi uas tsis meej
Yog tias cov duab kab lus yooj yim piav qhia qhov pom hauv daim duab, nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig txaus. Yog tias koj muaj daim duab ntawm hnub poob thiab tsuas yog sau nws "hnub poob", koj tsis muab cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv rau tus nyeem ntawv. Hloov chaw, piav qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim duab uas tsis meej, xws li qhov chaw nyob, sijhawm, lossis cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb uas tau tshwm sim.
- Piv txwv li, yog tias koj muaj daim duab hnub poob, koj tuaj yeem sau cov lus: "Hnub poob hla hiav txwv Pacific, Lub Peb Hlis 2016, los ntawm Long Beach, Vancouver Island".
- Tsis txhob siv lo lus xws li: "qhia", "piav qhia", "thiab saib seb", lossis "saum toj no".
Kauj Ruam 3. Tsis txhob pib cov kab lus nrog qee lo lus
Cov ntawv sau tsis tuaj yeem pib nrog lo lus 'a', 'a' lossis 'which'. Cov lus no yog qhov yooj yim heev thiab siv qhov chaw sau cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thaum lawv tsis tas yuav yog. Piv txwv, tsis txhob hais tias: "Tus noog xiav nyob hauv hav zoov", tsuas hais tias "Tus noog xiav ya hla lub hav zoov".
- Tsis tas li, tsis txhob pib cov lus nrog ib tus neeg lub npe, pib cov ntawv nrog cov ntawv sau ua ntej, tom qab ntawd suav nrog lub npe. Piv txwv li, tsis txhob hais tias: "Stan Theman ze Sunshine Meadow Park". Hloov chaw, hais tias: "Tus khiav Stan Theman nyob ze Sunshine Meadow Park".
- Thaum txheeb xyuas tus neeg txoj haujlwm hauv daim duab, tsuas yog hais "los ntawm sab laug". Koj tsis tas yuav hais "los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis".
Kauj Ruam 4. Txheeb xyuas tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb hauv daim duab
Yog tias koj daim duab suav nrog cov neeg tseem ceeb, txheeb xyuas lawv yog leej twg. Yog tias koj paub lawv lub npe, suav nrog (tshwj tsis yog lawv thov tsis qhia npe). Yog tias koj tsis paub lawv lub npe, koj yuav xav suav nrog cov lus piav qhia lawv yog leej twg (piv txwv li “Washington, DC txoj kev tawm tsam.”).
- Thaum nws mus yam tsis tau hais, xyuas kom txhua lub npe uas koj siv tau sau kom raug thiab muaj lub npe tsim nyog.
- Yog tias daim duab suav nrog pab pawg ntawm tib neeg, lossis ntau tus neeg uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog zaj dab neeg (piv txwv li lawv lub npe tsis xav qhia zaj dab neeg), koj tsis tas yuav hais txhua lub npe hauv kab lus.
Kauj Ruam 5. Ua kom nws tshwj xeeb li sai tau
Cov lus qhia no yog sib npaug rau cov lus qhia txog qhov raug. Yog tias koj tsis paub meej tias daim duab raug coj mus qhov twg, lossis leej twg nyob hauv daim duab, tshawb nrhiav. Qhia ib daim duab yam tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb yuav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov nyeem, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem qhia lawv cov xwm txheej uas cov duab tau thaij.
- Yog tias koj tab tom ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg sau xov xwm ntawm ib zaj dab neeg, tiv toj rau lawv kom paub ntxiv yog tias tsim nyog.
- Yog tias koj tab tom sim txheeb xyuas tus neeg tshwj xeeb hauv daim duab, piav qhia lawv qhov chaw hauv daim duab tuaj yeem pab tau. Piv txwv li, yog tias Bob Smith tsuas yog ib lub kaus mom, koj yuav hais tias: "Bob Smith, kab rov tav tau hnav lub kaus mom."
- Txawm hais tias qhov tshwj xeeb zoo, koj tseem tuaj yeem xa koj cov lus hauv ib txoj hauv kev uas nws pib nrog qhov dav thiab txav mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb dua, lossis pib nrog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab xaus nrog qhov dav dua. Ob txoj hauv kev ua kom muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, tab sis tsim cov nqe lus.
Kauj Ruam 6. Kos cov duab keeb kwm kom raug
Yog tias siv cov duab keeb kwm hauv koj zaj dab neeg, xyuas kom tseeb tias koj kos lawv kom raug thiab suav nrog lub sijhawm (tsawg kawg yog lub xyoo) daim duab tau thaij. Nyob ntawm seb leej twg yog tus tswv ntawm daim duab, koj yuav xav tau suav nrog lub hauv paus ntawm daim duab thiab/lossis lwm lub koom haum (piv txwv li tsev cia puav pheej, cov ntawv khaws cia, thiab lwm yam).
Kauj Ruam 7. Siv lub sijhawm tam sim no hauv kab lus
Txij li cov duab feem ntau tau qhia ua ib feem ntawm zaj dab neeg txog qee yam tshwm sim "tam sim no", siv qhov tam sim no nyob hauv kab lus. Tsuas yog cov duab keeb kwm yav dhau los, qhov twg siv lub sijhawm dhau los ua rau muaj kev nkag siab zoo.
Qhov zoo ntawm kev siv lub sijhawm tam sim no yog tias nws qhia txog kev nkag siab sai thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm daim duab ntawm tus nyeem ntawv
Kauj Ruam 8. Zam kev lom zem yog tias daim duab tsis txhais hais tias yuav lom zem
Yog tias daim duab koj tab tom sau ntawv yog qhov xwm txheej loj lossis tsaus ntuj, tsis txhob ua kom lom zem hauv kab lus. Cov lus tso dag yuav tsum tsuas yog siv yog tias daim duab nws tus kheej yog qhov tso dag lossis lom zem uas yog lub ntsiab lus ua rau luag luag los ntawm tus nyeem ntawv.
Kauj Ruam 9. Nco ntsoov ib txwm suav nrog khoom plig thiab kev hais tawm
Txhua daim duab yuav tsum suav nrog lub npe ntawm tus kws yees duab thiab/lossis lub koom haum uas yog tus tswv. Hauv cov ntawv xov xwm thaij duab tiag tiag thiab tshaj tawm, cov duab kuj suav nrog cov ncauj lus qhia ntxaws txog yuav ua li cas thaij duab (piv txwv li lub lens qhov siab, zaj duab xis nrawm, f-nres, lens, thiab lwm yam)
Thaum sau khoom plig, koj tsis tas yuav siv cov lus “ua tsaug rau” lossis “yees duab los ntawm” yog tias cov ntaub ntawv tau nthuav tawm hauv cov xwm txheej zoo ib yam thiab nkag siab yooj yim. Piv txwv li, nws yuav yog qhov khoom plig ib txwm muaj ntawv qaij lossis hauv cov ntawv me me
Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 3: Txhawb Cov Dab Neeg nrog Cov Ntawv
Kauj Ruam 1. Siv cov lus piav qhia rau tus nyeem ntawv yam tshiab
Thaum cov neeg nyeem saib cov duab, lawv feem ntau ntsib nrog qee qhov kev xav thiab qee yam ntaub ntawv (raws li lawv pom hauv daim duab). Cov ntawv sau, dhau los, yuav tsum muab cov nyeem nrog cov ntaub ntawv uas lawv tsis paub txog los ntawm kev saib ntawm daim duab xwb. Hauv ntej, kab ntawv yuav tsum qhia tus nyeem ib yam dab tsi txog daim duab.
- Cov kab lus yuav tsum ua rau cov neeg nyeem tshawb fawb cov dab neeg kom tob dua thiab nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv.
- Cov ntawv sau yuav tsum tsis txhob rov hais dua ntawm cov dab neeg nws tus kheej. Cov kab lus thiab cov dab neeg yuav tsum ua tiav ib leeg thiab yuav tsum tsis muaj qhov rov ua dua.
Kauj Ruam 2. Tsis txhob siv cov lus txiav txim
Cov kab lus yuav tsum yog cov ntaub ntawv, tsis yog txiav txim lossis tseem ceeb. Tshwj tsis yog tias koj tuaj yeem tham nrog cov neeg hauv cov duab, thiab nug lawv tias lawv xav li cas lossis xav li cas, tsis txhob xav tias tsuas yog saib lawv saib hauv daim duab li cas. Piv txwv li, zam kev hais "cov neeg yuav khoom tsis txaus siab nyob hauv kab" tshwj tsis yog koj paub tiag tias lawv tsis yog.
Kev sau xov xwm lub hom phiaj yog lub hom phiaj thiab qhia rau cov nyeem. Cov neeg sau xov xwm yuav tsum nthuav qhia qhov tseeb yam tsis ncaj ncees thiab tso cai rau cov nyeem los tsim lawv tus kheej cov kev xav
Kauj Ruam 3. Tsis txhob txhawj txog qhov ntev ntawm kab lus
Ib daim duab tuaj yeem hais tau ntau txhiab yam lus, tab sis qee zaum yuav tsum tau siv ob peb lo lus los tso ib daim duab hauv cov ntsiab lus. Yog tias xav tau cov lus piav qhia ntev rau daim duab kom nkag siab, qhov ntawd zoo. Thaum koj xav sim ua kom meej thiab luv luv li sai tau, tsis txhob txwv cov ntaub ntawv hauv koj kab ntawv yog tias nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig.
Kauj Ruam 4. Sau ua hom lus hais
Feem ntau, kev sau xov xwm tsis siv cov lus nyuaj dhau, tab sis nws tsis siv clichés lossis slang. Cov ntawv sau yuav tsum ua raws tib yam lus xav tau. Sau cov kab lus hauv lub suab sib tham, ib yam koj yuav tham nrog cov neeg hauv tsev neeg thaum qhia lawv cov duab. Tsis txhob clichés thiab slang (thiab cov ntawv luv). Tsis txhob siv cov lus nyuaj thaum lawv tsis xav tau.
Yog tias daim duab nrog ib zaj dab neeg, sim siv tib lub suab siv hauv zaj dab neeg
Kauj Ruam 5. Suav nrog cov dab neeg tseem ceeb tsawg hauv kab lus
Cov dab neeg uas nrog cov duab zoo li yuav hais txog qee yam tshwj xeeb thiab qhia ib zaj dab neeg. Yog tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev nkag siab daim duab, tab sis tsis tsim nyog qhia zaj dab neeg, suav nrog hauv kab lus, tsis yog hauv lub cev ntawm zaj dab neeg.
- Qhov no tsis txhais tau tias cov lus piav qhia tsuas yog siv rau yam tsis tseem ceeb ntawm zaj dab neeg, tab sis yog cov khoom uas tsis tseem ceeb hauv kev qhia zaj dab neeg. Cov lus piav qhia tuaj yeem yog cov dab neeg me me nyob ib leeg uas suav nrog cov khoom siv tsis siv hauv zaj dab neeg nws tus kheej.
- Ib zaug ntxiv, nco ntsoov tias cov ntawv sau thiab cov dab neeg yuav tsum ua tiav ib leeg. Tsis rov hais dua ib leeg.
Kauj Ruam 6. Txiav txim siab tias yuav tsum siv cov cim cim cim dab tsi
Yog tias daim duab tsuas muaj ib tus neeg (xws li daim duab ntawm lub taub hau) lossis duab ntawm yam khoom tshwj xeeb heev (xws li lub kaus), nws tsis ua li cas rau sau cov duab nrog tus neeg lub npe lossis lub npe ntawm cov khoom yam tsis muaj cim cim. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, nws tsis zoo los siv cov kab lus tsis tiav hauv kab lus, nyob ntawm kev tshaj tawm thiab lawv cov lus.
- Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kab lus tsis muaj tus cim yog: "Toyota 345X Transmission".
- Piv txwv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus piav qhia tag thiab tsis tiav: Ua tiav - "Tus Ua Yeeb Yam Ann Levy siv Acura 325 los ua ib ceg tawv hauv kev xeem Askiv tsav tsheb hauv London." Tsis tiav - "Siv Acura 325 los ua ib ceg tawv."
Kauj Ruam 7. Yooj yim rau kab lus hauv kab lus tom ntej
Yog tias ob peb daim duab sib law liag hauv zaj dab neeg qhia pom tib qho chaw, tib neeg, lossis xwm txheej, koj tsis tas yuav rov hais dua cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus no hauv txhua kab lus. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj qhia ib tus neeg hauv thawj kab lus siv lawv lub npe tag nrho, tsuas yog hais lawv lub npe thawj zaug hauv kab lus tom ntej.
- Nws tsis muaj teeb meem yog tias koj xav tias ib tus neeg tab tom saib thiab nyeem daim duab tau pom thiab nyeem kab lus ntawm daim duab yav dhau los vim tias muaj feem ntau nws yog nyob rau qee qhov kev txiav txim uas qhia zaj dab neeg.
- Koj tsis tas yuav mus rau ntau qhov kev nthuav dav hauv kab lus yog tias zaj dab neeg nws tus kheej twb tau qhia ntau yam. Piv txwv li, yog tias zaj dab neeg nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov xwm txheej, koj tsis tas yuav rov hais cov ntsiab lus ntawd hauv kab lus.
Kauj Ruam 8. Txheeb xyuas thaum daim duab tau hloov kho digitally
Cov duab qee zaum nthuav dav, txo qis, lossis txiav kom haum rau qhov xwm txheej, zaj dab neeg, nplooj ntawv, chaw, thiab lwm yam. Hom kev hloov pauv no tsis tas yuav piav qhia vim tias nws tsis hloov dab tsi hauv daim duab. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj hloov daim duab hauv lwm txoj hauv kev (piv txwv li hloov xim, tshem tawm qee yam, ntxiv qee yam, hais txog qee yam tsis txawv txav, thiab lwm yam) koj yuav tsum txheeb xyuas qhov no hauv kab lus.
- Cov kab lus tsis tas yuav hais meej qhov koj tab tom hloov pauv, tab sis nws yuav tsum tsawg kawg hais txog "kev qhia duab".
- Txoj cai no tseem siv rau txoj hauv kev yees duab tshwj xeeb xws li lub sijhawm dhau mus, thiab lwm yam.
Kauj Ruam 9. Siv cov mis rau kev sau kab lus
Txog thaum koj tau siv los sau kab lus, koj tuaj yeem pib los ntawm kev siv tus qauv tshwj xeeb sau ntawv. Thaum kawg, koj cov ntawv sau yuav zoo li ua raws cov qauv no, lossis qee yam zoo sib xws, yam tsis tas koj xav tau xav txog nws. Tab sis ua ntej ntawd, tso siab rau cov mis no kom ntseeg tau tias koj tau suav nrog txhua yam khoom tsim nyog.
- Ib ntawm cov qauv no yog: [npe] [qhia] [khoom ncaj qha] ntawm [qhov tshwm sim tsim nyog] ntawm [qhov chaw tsim nyog] hauv [nroog] hauv [hnub], [hnub] [hli] [xyoo]. [Vim li cas lossis li cas].
- Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev siv cov mis no: "Dallas cov neeg tua hluav taws (npe) tau tua (tam sim no qhia) hluav taws (cov khoom ncaj qha) ntawm Fitzhugh Apartments (qhov chaw tsim nyog) ze ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm Fitzhugh Avenue thiab Monarch Street hauv Dallas (nroog) hnub Thursday (hnub), 1 (hnub tim) Lub Xya Hli (hli) 2004 (xyoo).”
Txoj Kev 3 ntawm 3: Zam Kev Ua Yeeb Yam hauv Kab Lus
Kauj Ruam 1. Tsis txhob khav
Kev khav theeb hauv cov lus piav qhia tshwm thaum tus sau kab lus tsis quav ntsej txog tus nyeem ntawv, thiab tsuas yog sau cov lus yooj yim. Qhov kev nqis tes no tseem tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qia dub vim tus sau tau txhawj xeeb nrog nws tus kheej ntau dua li tus nyeem ntawv sim txiav txim siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov duab thiab dab neeg.
Qhov no tseem tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum tus kws sau ntawv sim saib 'txias' thiab sim qee yam tshiab lossis ntse dua. Tsis muaj qhov taw tes hauv kev nyuaj. Khaws tej yam yooj yim, meej, thiab raug
Kauj Ruam 2. Zam kev xav
Koj paub lawv hais dab tsi txog cov neeg uas xav tias …! Tib yam siv rau kev sau kab lus. Qhov kev xav no tuaj yeem los ntawm ib feem ntawm cov neeg sau xov xwm, kws yees duab, lossis txawm tias lwm tus hauv kev tshaj tawm qhov twg txhua yam tau muab tso ua ke. Tsis txhob xav tias muaj dab tsi tshwm sim hauv daim duab, lossis cov neeg no yog leej twg. Tshawb nrhiav qhov tseeb thiab sau tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv raug.
Qhov no kuj siv rau cov qauv thiab cov qauv. Yog tias koj tsis paub meej tias tus tshaj tawm muaj hom tshwj xeeb rau kab lus, nug. Tsis txhob siv koj hom ntawv nyiam uas yuav xav tau kho dua tom qab vim tias koj tsis tau thov ua ntej
Kauj Ruam 3. Nco ntsoov tias koj tsis quav ntsej
Sloppy tshwm sim thaum koj tsis quav ntsej lossis tsis xav txog cov xwm txheej uas tseem ceeb txaus los tshuaj xyuas dua. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis saib xyuas tuaj yeem ua rau daim ntawv sau tsis raug, hais tsis raug cov npe ntawm cov tib neeg hauv cov duab, cov ntawv sau uas tsis sib xws nrog cov duab, hais tsis raug cov duab hauv zaj dab neeg, thiab lwm yam. Yog tias koj txaus siab rau koj txoj haujlwm, ua txoj haujlwm ncaj ncees txij thaum pib kom tiav.
Qhov no tseem tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum koj sim siv lwm yam lus hauv kab lus, tab sis tsis txhob txheeb xyuas tias nws tau sau kom raug. Siv Google Txhais Lus tsis zoo ib yam ob zaug tshuaj xyuas tias qhov sau ntawv raug lawm
Kauj Ruam 4. Nco ntsoov tias yam koj luam tawm yog suav tias yog qhov tseeb
Raws li yog neeg sau xov xwm, txhua yam koj luam tawm hauv zaj dab neeg lossis hauv kab lus feem ntau yog qhov tseeb los ntawm koj cov neeg nyeem. Lawv muaj txoj cai xav tias koj tau ua qhov kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb thiab qhov koj hais yog qhov tseeb. Yog tias koj tub nkeeg dhau los lossis tsis quav ntsej ua koj txoj haujlwm, koj ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo kis cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug rau ntau tus neeg.
Tseem nco ntsoov tias thaum cov ntaub ntawv "tawm", nws tuaj yeem nyuaj rau kho nws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam nrog kev xwm txheej, kev ntxhov siab, thiab tseem tshwm sim
Lub tswv yim
- Cov duab thiab kab lus yuav tsum ua tiav ib leeg. Ua ke ob leeg yuav tsum qhia ib zaj dab neeg. Ob leeg yuav tsum zam kev rov ua dua. Cov lus piav qhia yuav tsum pab piav qhia dab tsi, thaum twg, thiab qhov twg, thaum cov duab yuav tsum ua rau muaj kev xav.
- Cov ntawv xov xwm kev lag luam hu cov kab lus, "cutline".
- National Geographic cov duab kab lus yog tus piv txwv zoo ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm sau xov xwm. National Geographic paub zoo tshaj plaws rau nws cov duab, tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov duab hauv cov ntawv xov xwm suav nrog cov dab neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg nyeem feem ntau nyiam saib daim duab ua ntej, nyeem kab ntawv, saib daim duab thib ob, tom qab ntawv txiav txim siab seb lawv puas yuav nyeem zaj dab neeg. Ib lub npe zoo yuav tsum tso cai rau tus nyeem ntawv ua kom dhia ntawm tsuas yog saib ntawm daim duab thiab ua tiag nyeem zaj dab neeg.
- Ua tus kws yees duab, koj yuav tsum nqa phau ntawv sau thiab tus cwj mem/xaum mus rau qhov kev yees duab tua. Siv lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm kev thaij duab, lossis thaum tos txog qhov tshwj xeeb, sau cov npe ntawm cov tib neeg hauv koj cov duab nrog kev sau ntawv raug.
