Koj puas tau pom cov lus Latin thiab xav paub tias yuav hais nws li cas? Muaj ntau qhov kev hais tawm lossis mottos coj los ntawm Latin hauv cov haujlwm xws li tshuaj thiab botany. Kev hais lus Latin zoo li yooj yim thaum piv rau lus Askiv tsis xwm yeem. Txawm li cas los xij, koj tseem xav tau kev mob siab rau kawm nws vim tias tsis muaj tus neeg hais lus ntawm hom lus no tuaj yeem pab koj. Cov lus qhia hais tawm hauv kab lus no tsom mus rau kev ntseeg Latin vim tias cov kws tshaj lij xav txog cov neeg sau Roman thaum ub zoo li Virgil los ua lus Latin. Ib qho ntxiv, kab lus no suav nrog qhov sib txawv feem ntau los pab koj paub qhov txawv ntawm kev hais lus thiab hu nkauj hauv Latin.
Kauj ruam
Ntu 1 ntawm 4: Kawm Cov Lus Txhais
Kauj Ruam 1. Tshaj tawm tsab ntawv V zoo li W
Tsab ntawv "v" tau hais zoo li "w" hauv lo lus "xim". Yog li, lo lus ntawm (txoj kev), tau hais ua "wi-a."
Thawj cov ntawv Latin siv tus ntawv "v" hloov ntawm tus ntawv "u" kuj vim tias tsab ntawv "u" tsis nyob hauv hom lus no. Lub caij no, cov ntawv Latin niaj hnub no feem ntau yuav siv tsab ntawv "u" rau vowels thiab "v" tsuas yog siv ua cov ntawv sib txuas
Kauj Ruam 2. Hais tsab ntawv "i" lossis "j" zoo li tsab ntawv "y" yog tias lawv ua raws cov ntawv sib txuas
Latin tsis muaj tsab ntawv "j", tab sis qee tus neeg sau niaj hnub siv nws kom tsis txhob nkag siab yuam kev. Yog li yog tias muaj "j" nyeem nws zoo li "y" hauv lo lus "yang". Yog tias koj nyeem Latin nrog nws cov ntawv qub, tsab ntawv "i" feem ntau yuav sau nrog tus ntawv "y". Qee zaum, nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem hloov tsab ntawv nrog lub vowel.
Piv txwv li, cov npe Latin Iulius lossis Julius yuav nyeem zoo li '' Yulius ''
Kauj Ruam 3. Tsis txhob hloov pauv cov lus ntawm Latin thiab nws cov ntawv sib txuas
Hom lus no tsis zoo li lus Askiv. Txhua tsab ntawv yuav luag ib txwm nyeem zoo ib yam:
- C ib txwm nyeem kom meej meej zoo li tsab ntawv "k" hauv lo lus "ape". Yog li lo lus cum (nrog) tau nyeem "kum".
- G ib txwm hais meej meej raws li tsab ntawv "g" hauv lo lus "chaw rau tsheb". Yog li, dhau los (Kuv tab tom tsav tsheb) tau hais "dhau los".
- S ib txwm hais ua lus mos muag zoo li tsab ntawv "s" hauv lo lus "sri". Yog li ntawd, lo lus spuma (ua npuas ncauj) tau hais "spuma".
- Tsab ntawv "r" ib txwm vibrates. Kev hais tawm ntawm tsab ntawv "r" hauv Latin yog tib yam li hauv Indonesian.
Kauj Ruam 4. Tsis quav ntsej tsab ntawv "h"
Tsuas yog ib qho uas nyuaj rau Latin yog txoj cai nyeem tsab ntawv "h" uas feem ntau tsis nyeem. Tsis txhob dag los ntawm cov ntawv ua ke zoo li "th" lossis "ch" vim hais tias cov kev sib txuas ua ke no feem ntau tsis txhais tau dab tsi hauv Latin. Yog li tsuas yog hais thawj tus ntawv uas koj pom.
Yog tias koj xav txhim kho koj cov lus hauv hom lus no, sim hais cov suab lus uas tom qab ntawv "h" ntau dua thiab maj mam. Piv txwv li '' h-ai '' lossis '' h-us ''
Kauj Ruam 5. Tshaj tawm lwm cov ntawv cim raws li lawv muaj
Ntxiv rau qhov kev zam uas teev tseg saum toj no, koj tuaj yeem tshaj tawm lwm cov ntawv raws li koj ib txwm hais tawm hauv Indonesian. Feem ntau, kev hais tawm yuav zoo ib yam li nws tau qhia hauv tsev kawm.
- Tshaj tawm txhua tsab ntawv suab kom meej. Piv txwv li, tsab ntawv "t" hauv cov ntawv Latin yog ib txwm hais meej meej thiab tsis txhob maj maj.
- Muaj qee yam me me uas tsis tseem ceeb heev rau tus kawm theem pib. Yog tias koj xav dhau los ua tus kws tshaj lij Latin, cov cai no nyob hauv ntu ntxiv tom qab.
Ntu 2 ntawm 4: Hais Vowels
Kauj Ruam 1. Nrhiav phau ntawv luam tawm uas muaj cov cim ntawm cov ntawv luv thiab luv
Txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws los kawm yuav ua li cas hais lus Latin vowels yog nyeem cov ntawv sau tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg kawm lus. Txhua lub vowel Latin muaj tus ntawv ntev thiab luv. Feem ntau, cov pib phau ntawv muaj "macron" (kab cim kab rov tav saum lub vowels) uas cim cov vowels ntev. Yog li, yog tias koj pom tsab ntawv "a" hauv phau ntawv, nws txhais tau tias tsab ntawv tau nyeem luv, thaum ntawv "ā" tau nyeem ntev.
- Yog tias koj lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog los hais lus Latin lwm tus, tam sim no yog lub sijhawm hla ntu ntu hauv qab no vim hais tias cov lus ntawm vowels txawv.
- Yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem pom cov ntawv zoo li no, sau npe kev pab los ntawm cov neeg paub Latin zoo los pab koj txheeb xyuas qhov hais tawm ntawm Latin vowels. Cov tub ntxhais kawm feem ntau kawm paub yuav ua li cas hais lus hom lus no los ntawm kev xyaum ua thiab cim nws li cas. Txawm li cas los xij, koj tseem tuaj yeem kawm txoj cai nyuaj ntawm yuav ua li cas thiaj qhia tus ntawv luv thiab luv yog tias koj nyiam txoj kev no.
Kauj Ruam 2. Tshaj tawm luv vowels
Cov phau ntawv rau cov pib tshiab feem ntau yuav tsis cim cov tsiaj ntawv luv lossis cim lawv nrog tus cim circumflex (˘). Yog tias cov tsiaj ntawv luv luv, qhia lawv raws li hauv qab no:
- tshaj tawm Ib yam li "a" hauv nqaij qaib
- hais E zoo li "e" hauv qab
- tshaj tawm Kuv nyiam "kuv" hauv lo lus pom
- hais O zoo li "o" hauv tib neeg
- hais U zoo li "u" hauv cov nyiaj
Kauj Ruam 3. Kawm cov tsiaj ntawv ntev
Indonesian tsis lees paub cov ntawv luv thiab luv yog li sib txawv thiab kawm paub hais lus Latin vowels tuaj yeem nyuaj me ntsis rau cov neeg Indonesia. Txawm li cas los xij, rau kev kawm lub hom phiaj, phau ntawv kawm feem ntau cim cov tsiaj ntawv ntev nrog "macron" (kab rov tav). Cov vowels ntev feem ntau yog hais raws li hauv qab no, tab sis nrog lub suab ntev dua:
- zoo li tsab ntawv "a" hauv lo lus txiv (hais tau ntev dua)
- zoo li tsab ntawv "e" hauv lo lus satay
- zoo li tsab ntawv "i" hauv lo lus ntses
- zoo li tsab ntawv "o" hauv lo lus tib neeg
- zoo li tsab ntawv "u" hauv lo lus xiab
Kauj Ruam 4. Txheeb xyuas cov kab lus diphthongs
Lub diphthong yog ua ke ntawm ob lub suab hais ua ib lub suab lus. Kev hais tawm lus Latin zoo ib yam dua li lus Askiv yog li koj tsis tas yuav twv seb lub suab vowels zoo li cas thaum hais tawm. Qhov sib xyaw ua ke no ib txwm hais ua diphthong:
- AE zoo li diphthong ai hauv lo lus ncuav. Yog li, lo lus saepe (feem ntau) tau hais ua "sai-pe"
- AU zoo li diphthong au hauv lo lus twm. Yog li, lo lus laudat (nws qhuas) tau hais ua "lau-dat"
- EI zoo li diphthong ei hauv lo lus tshawb fawb. Yog li, lo lus eicio (Kuv mus txog) tau hais "ei-ki-o"
- OE zoo li diphthong "oi" hauv lo lus amboi.
- Ntawm txhua qhov ua tau ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv ua ke, tshaj tawm txhua lub vowel hauv cov lus sib txawv. Yog li, lo lus tuus (koj li) tau hais zoo li "tu-us"
- Ua ke ntawm cov ntawv luv thiab luv tsis ua diphthongs. Piv txwv li, lo lus "poēta" (kws sau paj huam) tau hais "po-e-ta".
Ntu 3 ntawm 4: Kawm Kev Nyeem Ntawv thiab Cov Cai Ntxiv
Kauj Ruam 1. Yog tias lo lus muaj ob lub suab lus, tso kev nyuaj siab rau thawj lub suab lus
Piv txwv li, lo lus Caesar tau hais tawm "KAI-sar". Txoj cai no siv rau txhua lo lus nrog ob lub suab lus.
Kauj Ruam 2. Txheeb cov lus muaj zog thiab muag
Cov kws sau paj huam Latin vam khom rau qhov kev faib tawm no txhawm rau tsim cov suab paj nruag ntawm lawv cov paj huam. Cov neeg kawm Latin feem ntau yuav kawm nyeem paj huam ib yam. Kawm cov no thaum ntxov hauv lub sijhawm kawm yuav pab ua kom tiav koj lub suab thiab:
- Hais cov suab lus nrov nrov yog tias lub suab lus muaj vowels ntev lossis yog diphthongs.
- Hais lub suab lus nrov nrov ib yam yog tias nws tau ua raws los ntawm ob lub zeem muag. Tsab ntawv tus ntawv "x" suav nrog hauv cov npe ntawm cov ntawv uas tau nyeem zoo li "ks".
- Yog tias lub suab lus tsis muaj cov kev cai ib yam li saum toj no, tom qab ntawv hais lub suab lus mos muag.
- Qee tus kws qhia ntawv yuav hu lawv ua "ntev" thiab "luv" lub suab lus. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis txhob sib xyaw cov suab lus zoo li no nrog cov ntawv luv thiab luv.
Kauj Ruam 3. Qhia meej txog lub suab lus thib ob lossis zaum kawg yog tias lub suab lus tau hais khov kho
Lub suab lus uas yog thib ob los ntawm nraub qaum yog hu ua lub suab ua ntej-xaus. Yog hais tias lub suab lus tau hais khov kho, hais meej ntawm no.
- Lo lus Abutor (Kuv taug kev) tau hais zoo li "a-BU-tor" vim hais tias cov lus hais ua ntej zaum kawg yog vowel ntev.
- Lo lus Occaeco (Kuv ua qhov muag tsis pom) tau hais tawm "ok-KAI-ko" vim hais tias lub suab lus ua ntej zaum kawg yog tus lej (ae).
- Lo lus Recusandus (yam uas yuav tsum tau tsis lees paub) tau hais tawm "rov-ku-SAN-dus" vim hais tias lub suab lus ua ntej zaum kawg yog ob npaug ntawm tus lej (nd).
Kauj Ruam 4. Qhia meej lub suab lus ua ntej ua ntej xaus yog tias lub suab lus ua ntej zaum kawg tau hais me ntsis
Yog tias lub suab lus ua ntej zaum kawg yog lub suab lus yooj yim (uas yog, lub suab lus luv luv thiab tsis ua raws li ob lub cim), tom qab ntawv lub suab lus tsis muaj zog. Txawm li cas los xij, ua kom pom tseeb ntawm lub suab thib peb-rau-kawg hu ua "antepenult".
Lo lus Praesidium (tus saib xyuas) tau hais tawm "prai-SI-di-um". Cov ntawv ua ntej ua ntej yog lub teeb yog li qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov thib peb los ntawm lub suab lus kawg
Kauj Ruam 5. Kawm paub cov cai tshaj tawm txoj cai
Muaj cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb uas ntau tus neeg kawm Latin tsis tshua kawm. Yog tias koj tab tom npaj yuav taug kev mus rau Rome thaum ub, koj tuaj yeem ua rau tus huab tais zoo siab nrog lub suab zoo meej zoo li no:
- Muab ob lub consonants tshaj tawm ob zaug. Piv txwv li lo lus reddit (nws muab rov qab) tau hais zoo li "red-dit," tsis "re-dit".
- cov ntawv "bt" thiab "bs" tau hais zoo li "pt" thiab "ps."
- Qhov sib txuam ua ke "gn" tau hais zoo li "ngn" hauv kab lus "seev cev."
- Qee tus kws txhais lus xav tias "m" tom kawg ntawm cov lus zoo li lub suab nasal, zoo li hauv Fabkis niaj hnub no. Ib qho ntxiv, ua ke ntawm cov ntawv "ns" thiab "nf" kuj yog qhov ntswg.
- Kev sib txuas ua ke ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv "br", "pl", thiab cov ntawv zoo sib xws uas suab "koom" nrog cov tsiaj ntawv "l" thiab "r" tsis suav tias yog ob lo lus uas xav tau cov lus nyuaj siab.
Ntu 4 ntawm 4: Hais Lus Askiv Leeg
Kauj Ruam 1. Tshaj tawm cov tsiaj ntawv ua ntej "ae", "e", "oe", thiab "i" ua tau zoo
Ecclesiastical Latin, tseem hu ua Liturgical Latin, tau siv hauv cov nkauj hauv pawg ntseeg, kev ua yeeb yam, thiab cov ntaub ntawv rau ntau pua xyoo. Kev hais tawm tau hloov pauv kom haum rau kev hais tawm ntawm Italian niaj hnub uas tseem yog hom kev hloov pauv ntawm Latin. Ib qho ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm Ecclesiastical Latin thiab Latin classical yog kev hais tawm ntawm cov suab hauv qab no:
- Yog tias muaj "c" ua ntej "ae", "e", "oe", thiab "i", tshaj tawm tsab ntawv zoo li c hauv "nkaus xwb" (tsis zoo li "k" hauv "ape").
- Qee lub sijhawm, tsab ntawv "g" tuaj yeem hais tau zoo li tsab ntawv "j" hauv lo lus "teev".
- Cov ntawv "sc" yuav zoo li "sy" hauv lo lus "syiar".
- Cov ntawv "cc" tau hais zoo li "tch" hauv lus Askiv "catchy".
- Cov ntawv "xc" ua "ksh", tsis yog "ksk".
Kauj Ruam 2. Kawm cov suab ntawm cov vowels
Ecclesiastical Latin vowels feem ntau muaj qhov sib txawv tsawg dua ntawm lawv cov ntawv luv thiab luv thaum sib piv rau cov ntawv Latin. Qhov tseeb ntawm kev tshaj tawm nws tuaj yeem sib txawv nyob ntawm cov koom txoos hauv pawg ntseeg. Yog li thaum kawg koj tuaj yeem ua raws qee tus neeg piv txwv lossis ua raws koj tus kheej lub siab. Cov neeg hu nkauj hauv lub Koom Txoos feem ntau hu tib lub cim lossis lub suab ntev dua lossis luv dua li hloov pauv cov tsiaj ntawv vowels. Yog tias koj tsis paub meej, siv cov kab ke hauv qab no:
- Hais "A" zoo li hauv "txiv"
- Hais "E" zoo li lo lus "qab"
- Hais "Kuv" lossis Y zoo li "Kuv" hauv "pom"
- Hais "O" zoo li hauv "tus neeg"
- Hais "U" zoo li "nyiaj"
Kauj Ruam 3. Hais tsab ntawv "v" zoo li "v"
Ecclesiastical Latin sib txawv ntawm Latin classical hauv kev hais tawm ntawm tsab ntawv "v". Hauv Ecclesiastical Latin, tsab ntawv "v" tseem yuav hais zoo li tsab ntawv "v".
Kauj Ruam 4. Kawm paub yuav ua li cas thiaj hais "gn" thiab "ti"
Hauv Ecclesiastical Latin, cov suab no zoo ib yam li kev hais lus Romance niaj hnub no. Piv txwv li:
- Kev ua ke ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv "gn" ib txwm hais zoo li "ny" hauv lo lus "ntau"
- Qhov ua ke ntawm tsab ntawv "ti" ua raws li ib lub vowel zoo li lub suab "tsy" hauv lus Askiv "patsy".
- Qhov kev zam: "ti" tseem yuav hais tau zoo li "ti" yog tias nws yog pib ntawm ib lo lus lossis yog nws tau ua raws "s", "x" lossis "t".
Kauj Ruam 5. Kawm paub yuav ua li cas thiaj hais cov lus "nil" thiab "mihi"
"H" hauv ob lo lus no tau hais zoo li "k". Yog li, ob lo lus tau hais zoo li "nikil" thiab "miki". Txawm li cas los xij, tsab ntawv "h" hauv lo lus tsis tau nyeem.
Kauj Ruam 6. Cais ob lub vowels
Ecclesiastical Latin tseem siv ua ke ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv "ae" thiab "oe" zoo li hauv Latin classical. Lub caij no, rau diphthongs "au", "ei", "au", thiab "eu" yuav ua rau ob lub suab sib txawv. Yog hais tias lub diphthong raug nyuab siab hauv zaj nkauj, tuav daim ntawv ntawm thawj vowel thiab tom qab ntawv luv luv hais lub suab thib ob tom kawg ntawm lo lus.
Kev ua ke ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv "ei" tau hais ua diphthong (ib lub suab). Yog li qhov hais tawm zoo ib yam li "ei" hauv lo lus "hey"
Lub tswv yim
- Kev hais tawm, cov lus, thiab cov qauv ntawm Latin tau hloov pauv ntau vim nws tau siv thawj zaug (kwv yees li 900 BC txog 1600 AD). Ib qho ntxiv, kuj tseem muaj qhov sib txawv hauv cheeb tsam sib txawv heev. Kev hais tawm lub suab "classical" hauv kab lus no yog coj los ntawm txoj kev hais lus hauv cov tsev kawm tsis ntseeg nyob hauv Asmeskas raws li kev txhais lus ntawm Italis kws tshawb fawb Latin los ntawm 1st xyoo pua BC txog AD 3rd. Tseem muaj lwm lub tebchaws uas qhia sib txawv.
- Nco ntsoov, Latin siv los ib txwm hais los ntawm cov neeg Loos. Tsis txhob hais cov lus nruj me ntsis kom koj tsis zoo li neeg hlau. Xyaum koj lub suab kom txog thaum nws paub zoo.
