3 Txoj hauv kev los daws qhov Cubic Equations

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3 Txoj hauv kev los daws qhov Cubic Equations
3 Txoj hauv kev los daws qhov Cubic Equations

Video: 3 Txoj hauv kev los daws qhov Cubic Equations

Video: 3 Txoj hauv kev los daws qhov Cubic Equations
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Thaum koj pom thawj qhov sib npaug cubic (uas yog ntawm daim ntawv ax 3 + xwb 2 + cx + d = 0), tej zaum koj xav tias qhov teeb meem yuav nyuaj rau daws. Tab sis paub tias daws cov lej sib npaug tau nyob ib puag ncig ntau pua xyoo! Qhov kev daws teeb meem no, nrhiav tau los ntawm Italis cov lej lej Niccolò Tartaglia thiab Gerolamo Cardano nyob rau xyoo 1500, yog ib tus qauv thawj zaug uas paub hauv tebchaws Greece thiab Rome thaum ub. Kev daws cov kab zauv zauv yuav nyuaj me ntsis, tab sis nrog txoj hauv kev yog (thiab paub txaus), txawm tias qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws sib npaug cubic tuaj yeem daws tau.

Kauj ruam

Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 3: Daws Siv Plaub Qhov Sib Piv

Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 1
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 1

Kauj Ruam 1. Txheeb xyuas yog tias koj cov kab zauv zauv muaj qhov tsis tu ncua

Raws li tau hais los saum no, daim ntawv ntawm qhov sib npaug cubic yog ax 3 + xwb 2 + cx + d = 0. b, c, thiab tus nqi ntawm d tuaj yeem yog 0 yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau daim ntawv ntawm cov kab zauv no; qhov no txhais tau tias qhov sib npaug cubic tsis tas yuav tsum suav nrog tus nqi ntawm bx 2, cx, lossis d los ua qhov sib npaug cubic. Txhawm rau pib siv txoj hauv kev yooj yim no los daws cov kab zauv sib npaug, txheeb xyuas seb koj cov kab zauv cubic muaj qhov tas li (lossis tus nqi ntawm d). Yog tias koj qhov kev ua zauv tsis muaj qhov tsis tu ncua lossis tus nqi rau d, tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem siv qhov kev ua zauv plaub fab los nrhiav cov lus teb rau qhov sib npaug cubic tom qab ob peb kauj ruam.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tias koj qhov kev ua zauv muaj qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tas li, tom qab ntawd koj yuav xav tau lwm txoj kev daws teeb meem. Saib cov kauj ruam hauv qab no rau lwm txoj hauv kev

Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 2
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 2

Kauj Ruam 2. Muab tus nqi x los ntawm cov kab zauv sib npaug

Txij li koj qhov kev ua zauv tsis muaj tus nqi tas li, txhua qhov khoom siv hauv nws muaj qhov sib txawv x. Qhov no txhais tau tias tus nqi ntawm x tuaj yeem muab cais tawm ntawm qhov sib npaug kom yooj yim rau nws. Ua cov kauj ruam no thiab rov sau koj cov lej sib npaug hauv daim ntawv x (ax 2 xwb + c).

Piv txwv, cia peb hais tias thawj qhov sib npaug ntawm no yog 3 x 3 + -2x 2 + 14 x = 0. Los ntawm qhov xav tau ib qho sib txawv x los ntawm qhov kev ua zauv no, peb tau txais qhov sib npaug x (3 x li 2 -2x + 14) = 0.

Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 3
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 3

Kauj Ruam 3. Siv cov zauv sib npaug los daws cov kab zauv hauv kab zauv

Koj tuaj yeem pom tias qee qhov ntawm koj qhov kev ua zauv tshiab, uas tau muab ntim rau hauv kab ntawv, yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev ua zauv plaub fab (ax 2 xwb + c). Qhov no txhais tau tias peb tuaj yeem nrhiav tus nqi xav tau los ua qhov sib npaug sib npaug ntawm xoom los ntawm ntsaws a, b, thiab c rau hauv cov lej sib npaug ua ke ({- b +/- √ (b 2- 4 ac)}/2a). Ua cov kev ntsuas no txhawm rau nrhiav ob lo lus teb rau koj cov kab zauv sib npaug.

  • Hauv peb qhov piv txwv, ntsaws qhov tseem ceeb ntawm a, b, thiab c (3, -2, thiab 14, ntsig txog) rau hauv cov zauv sib npaug raws li hauv qab no:

    {- b +/- √ (b 2- 4 ac)}/2a
    {-(-2) +/-√ ((-2)2- 4(3)(14))}/2(3)
    {2 +/-√ (4 - (12)(14))}/6
    {2 +/-√ (4 - (168)}/6
    {2 +/-√ (-164)}/6
  • Teb 1:

    {2 + √(-164)}/6
    {2 + 12.8 i}/6
  • Teb 2:

    {2 - 12.8 i}/6
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 4
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 4

Kauj Ruam 4. Siv zeros thiab koj cov lus teb rau koj qhov kev ua zauv sib npaug raws li koj cov lus teb rau koj cov lej sib npaug

Cov zauv sib npaug yuav muaj ob lo lus teb, qhov sib npaug cubic muaj peb lo lus teb. Koj twb paub ob lo lus teb ntawm peb; uas koj tau txais los ntawm "plaub fab" ib feem ntawm qhov sib npaug hauv kab zauv. Yog tias koj qhov sib npaug cubic tuaj yeem daws tau los ntawm "kev faib tawm" zoo li qhov no, koj cov lus teb thib peb yuav luag txhua zaus 0. Nyab xeeb! Koj tsuas yog daws qhov kab zauv sib npaug.

Qhov laj thawj uas ua rau txoj hauv kev no ua haujlwm yog qhov tseeb uas "txhua tus lej sib npaug los ntawm xoom sib npaug xoom". Thaum koj ntsuas koj qhov kev ua zauv rau hauv daim ntawv x (ax 2 + bx + c) = 0, koj tsuas yog faib nws ua ob "ntu"; ib feem yog x qhov sib txawv ntawm sab laug thiab lwm qhov yog qhov sib npaug ntawm plaub fab hauv cov kab zauv. Yog tias ib qho ntawm ob qhov no yog xoom, tom qab ntawd tag nrho cov zauv kuj tseem yuav xoom. Yog li, ob lo lus teb rau qhov ua zauv sib npaug hauv kab lus, uas yuav ua rau nws xoom, yog cov lus teb rau qhov sib npaug cubic, ntxiv rau 0 nws tus kheej - uas yuav ua rau ib feem ntawm sab laug sab tes kuj xoom.

Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 3: Nrhiav Cov Lus Teb Ua Ke Siv Daim Ntawv Teev Npe

Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 5
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 5

Kauj Ruam 1. Ua kom ntseeg tau tias koj cov kab zauv sib npaug muaj tus nqi tas li

Thaum cov txheej txheem piav qhia saum toj no yooj yim rau siv vim tias koj tsis tas yuav kawm cov txheej txheem xam tshiab los siv lawv, lawv yuav tsis ib txwm pab koj daws cov lej sib npaug. Yog tias koj qhov kev sib npaug ntawm cubic yog ntawm daim ntawv ax 3 + xwb 2 + cx + d = 0, qhov twg tus nqi ntawm d tsis sib npaug rau xoom, qhov "factorization" txoj kev saum toj no tsis ua haujlwm, yog li koj yuav tsum tau siv ib txoj hauv kev hauv ntu no los daws qhov no.

Piv txwv, cia peb hais tias peb muaj qhov sib npaug 2 x 3 + 9 x po 2 Luas = 13 x + 6 Hauv qhov no, kom tau xoom ntawm sab xis ntawm qhov sib npaug, peb yuav tsum ntxiv 6 rau ob sab. Tom qab ntawd, peb yuav tau txais qhov sib npaug 2 x tshiab 3 + 9 x po 2 + 13 x + 6 = 0, nrog tus nqi ntawm d = 6, yog li peb tsis tuaj yeem siv qhov "kev faib tawm" raws li hauv txoj kev dhau los.

Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 6
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 6

Kauj Ruam 2. Nrhiav cov xwm txheej ntawm a thiab d

Txhawm rau daws koj cov kab zauv sib npaug, pib los ntawm kev nrhiav qhov zoo ntawm a (coefficient ntawm x 3) thiab d (tus nqi tas li tom kawg ntawm kab zauv). Nco ntsoov, cov lej yog tus lej uas tuaj yeem sib tw ua ke los tsim qee tus lej. Piv txwv li, txij li koj tuaj yeem tau 6 los ntawm kev sib npaug 6 × 1 thiab 2 × 3, 1, 2, 3, thiab 6 yog cov lej ntawm 6.

  • Hauv qhov piv txwv teeb meem peb tab tom siv, a = 2 thiab d = 6. Factor ntawm 2 yog 1 thiab 2. Thaum qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 6 yog 1, 2, 3, thiab 6.

Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 7
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 7

Kauj Ruam 3. Faib qhov faib ib feem ntawm qhov d

Tom ntej no, teev cov txiaj ntsig koj tau txais los ntawm kev faib txhua qhov ntawm ib feem ntawm txhua qhov ntawm d. Qhov kev xam no feem ntau ua rau ntau qhov txiaj ntsig ib feem thiab ob peb tus lej tag nrho. Tus lej ua lej los daws koj cov kab zauv sib npaug yog ib qho ntawm cov lej tau los ntawm kev suav.

Hauv peb qhov kev ua zauv, faib tus nqi zauv ntawm a (1, 2) los ntawm qhov zoo ntawm d (1, 2, 3, 6) thiab tau txais cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab no: 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/6, 2, thiab 2/3. Tom ntej, ntxiv qhov tsis zoo rau hauv daim ntawv, thiab peb tau txais: 1, -1, 1/2, -1/2, 1/3, -1/3, 1/6, -1/6, 2, -2, 2/3, thiab -2/3. Cov lus teb rau qhov sib npaug cubic - uas yog ib tus lej, nyob ntawm cov npe.

Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 8
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 8

Kauj Ruam 4. Siv cov khoom sib faib los txheeb xyuas koj cov lus teb

Thaum koj muaj cov npe ntawm qhov tseem ceeb zoo li cov saum toj no, koj tuaj yeem saib cov lej sib npaug uas yog cov lus teb rau koj cov kab zauv los ntawm kev nkag mus rau txhua tus lej suav tus kheej, thiab pom tus nqi rov qab xoom. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj tsis xav siv sijhawm los ua qhov no, muaj ib txoj hauv kev ua kom sai dua, uas yog suav nrog suav nrog hu ua hluavtaws faib. Yeej, koj yuav faib koj tus lej sib npaug los ntawm thawj qhov sib koom ua ke ntawm a, b, c, thiab d hauv koj qhov kev sib npaug cubic. Yog tias qhov seem yog xoom, tom qab ntawd tus nqi ntawd yog ib qho ntawm cov lus teb rau koj cov lus sib npaug cubic.

  • Kev faib hluavtaws yog cov ncauj lus nyuaj - saib qhov txuas hauv qab no kom paub ntau ntxiv. Nov yog qhov piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas thiaj nrhiav tau ib qho ntawm cov lus teb rau koj cov lej sib npaug nrog kev faib hluavtaws:

    -1 | 2 9 13 6
    _| -2-7-6
    _| 2 7 6 0
    Txij li thaum peb tau txais qhov txiaj ntsig kawg sib npaug rau 0, peb paub tias ib qho ntawm cov lej teb rau peb cov lej sib npaug yog - 1.

Txoj Kev 3 ntawm 3: Siv Txoj Cai Tsis Ncaj Ncees

Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 9
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 9

Kauj Ruam 1. Sau qhov sib npaug a, b, c, thiab d

Txhawm rau nrhiav cov lus teb rau qhov sib npaug cubic hauv txoj hauv kev no, peb yuav ua ntau qhov kev suav nrog qhov sib npaug hauv peb qhov kev ua zauv. Vim li no, nws yog ib lub tswv yim zoo kom sau tseg qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm a, b, c, thiab d ua ntej koj tsis nco qab ib qho ntawm qhov muaj txiaj ntsig.

Piv txwv li, rau kab zauv x 3 -3x ib 2 + 3 x -1, sau nws ua a = 1, b = -3, c = 3, thiab d = -1. Tsis txhob hnov qab tias thaum qhov sib txawv x tsis muaj coefficient, nws tus nqi yog 1.

Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 10
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 10

Kauj Ruam 2. Xam 0 = b 2 - 3 cua txias.

Txoj kev sib cais ntawm kev nrhiav cov lus teb rau cov lej sib npaug yuav tsum muaj cov lej sib txawv, tab sis yog tias koj ua raws cov theem ua tib zoo, nws tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev daws cov lej sib npaug uas nyuaj rau daws lwm txoj hauv kev. Txhawm rau pib nrog, nrhiav tus nqi 0, uas yog thawj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ob peb peb xav tau, ntsaws tus nqi tsim nyog rau hauv tus lej b 2 - 3 cua txias.

  • Hauv qhov piv txwv peb tab tom siv, peb yuav daws nws raws li hauv qab no:

    b 2 - 3 aw
    (-3)2 - 3(1)(3)
    9 - 3(1)(3)
    9 - 9 = 0 = 0
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 11
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 11

Kauj Ruam 3. Xam 1 = 2 b 3 9 ib + 27 a 2 d.

Tus nqi tseem ceeb tom ntej peb xav tau, 1, xav tau kev suav ntev dua, tab sis tuaj yeem pom zoo ib yam li 0. Txuas tus nqi tsim nyog rau hauv cov mis 2 b 3 9 ib + 27 a 2 d kom tau tus nqi ntawm 1.

  • Hauv qhov piv txwv no, peb daws nws raws li hauv qab no:

    2(-3)3 - 9(1)(-3)(3) + 27(1)2(-1)
    2(-27) - 9(-9) + 27(-1)
    -54 + 81 - 27
    81 - 81 = 0 = 1
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 12
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 12

Kauj Ruam 4. Xam = 12 4 - 0 ib3-27 a) ib 2.

Tom ntej no, peb suav qhov "kev ntxub ntxaug" ntawm tus nqi 0 thiab 1. Kev ntxub ntxaug yog tus lej uas muab cov ntaub ntawv rau koj txog lub hauv paus ntawm ntau tus lej (koj yuav nco qab tsis nco qab cim cov lej sib cais plaub: 2 - 4 cua txias). Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm qhov sib npaug cubic, yog tias tus nqi ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug yog qhov zoo, tom qab ntawd qhov sib npaug muaj peb tus lej lej tiag. Yog tias kev ntxub ntxaug tus nqi sib npaug rau xoom, tom qab ntawd qhov sib npaug muaj ib lossis ob lo lus teb tus lej tiag, thiab qee cov lus teb muaj tus nqi zoo ib yam. Yog tias tus nqi tsis zoo, ces qhov sib npaug tsuas muaj ib tus lej tiag tiag teb, vim daim duab ntawm kab zauv yuav ib txwm hla tus x-axis tsawg kawg ib zaug.)

  • Hauv qhov piv txwv no, txij li ob qho 0 thiab 1 = 0, nrhiav tus nqi yog yooj yim heev. Peb tsuas yog xav xam nws raws li hauv qab no:

    12 4 - 0 ib3) -27 a ib 2
    (0)2 - 4(0)3) ÷ -27(1)2
    0 - 0 ÷ 27
    0 =, yog li peb qhov sib npaug muaj 1 lossis 2 cov lus teb.
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 13
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 13

Kauj Ruam 5. Xam C = 3(√ ((Δ12 4 - 0 ib3) + 1)/ 2).

Tus nqi kawg uas tseem ceeb rau peb kom tau txais yog tus nqi C. Tus nqi no tso cai rau peb kom tau txais tag nrho peb lub hauv paus ntawm peb cov kab zauv sib npaug. Daws raws li ib txwm muaj, ntsaws qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 1 thiab 0 rau hauv cov mis.

  • Hauv qhov piv txwv no, peb yuav tau txais tus nqi C los ntawm:

    3(√ ((Δ12 4 - 0 ib3) + 1)/ 2)
    3√(√((02 - 4(0)3) + (0))/ 2)
    3√(√((0 - 0) + (0))/ 2)
    0 = C
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 14
Daws qhov Cubic Equation Step 14

Kauj Ruam 6. Xam peb lub hauv paus ntawm qhov sib npaug nrog koj qhov sib txawv

Lub hauv paus (lus teb) ntawm koj cov kab zauv kab zauv tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov qauv (b + ua C + (Δ0/ua C)) / 3a, qhov twg u = (-1 + (-3))/2 thiab n sib npaug rau 1, 2, lossis 3. Ntsuas koj qhov txiaj ntsig rau hauv cov mis kom daws tau lawv-tej zaum yuav muaj qee qhov kev suav uas koj yuav tsum tau ua, tab sis koj yuav tsum tau txais tag nrho peb ntawm koj cov lus sib npaug cubic!

  • Hauv qhov piv txwv no, peb yuav daws nws los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov lus teb thaum n sib npaug 1, 2, thiab 3. Cov lus teb peb tau txais los ntawm qhov kev suav no yog cov lus teb tau rau peb cov kab zauv sib npaug - txhua tus nqi peb ntsaws rau hauv qhov sib npaug cubic thiab nws muab rau tib yam. nrog 0, yog cov lus teb raug. Piv txwv li, yog tias peb tau txais cov lus teb sib npaug rau 1 yog hauv ib qho ntawm peb qhov kev sim ntsuas, ntsaws tus nqi 1 rau hauv qhov sib npaug x 3 -3x ib 2 + 3 x - 1 yields cov txiaj ntsig kawg sib npaug rau 0. Yog li

    Kauj ruam 1. yog ib qho ntawm cov lus teb rau peb cov lej sib npaug.

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