Hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg, qhov sib tov ntawm cov tshuaj yog qhov ntau ntawm cov tshuaj uas tau yaj, hu ua cov kuab tshuaj, uas sib xyaw nrog lwm cov tshuaj, hu ua cov kuab tshuaj. Cov qauv txheej txheem yog C = m/V, qhov twg C yog qhov siab, m yog qhov hnyav ntawm kev daws, thiab V yog qhov ntim tag nrho ntawm cov tshuaj. Yog tias koj qhov kev daws teeb meem muaj qhov me me, saib cov lus teb hauv ib feem ntawm ib lab (bpd) kom nws nkag siab yooj yim dua. Thaum nyob hauv chav kuaj mob, koj yuav raug nug kom pom qhov sib txawv lossis qhov hnyav ntawm qhov kev daws teeb meem ntsig txog.
Kauj ruam
Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 3: Siv Pawg Rau Ib Ntus Cov Qauv
Kauj Ruam 1. Nrhiav qhov hnyav ntawm cov tshuaj tov nrog cov kuab tshuaj
Kev daws teeb meem yog cov khoom uas tau sib xyaw los ua cov tshuaj. Yog tias qhov teeb meem muab qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev daws teeb meem, sau nws thiab xyuas kom tseeb tias koj muab chav nyob raug. Yog tias koj xav tau nrhiav qhov hnyav ntawm kev daws teeb meem, ntsuas nws ntawm qhov ntsuas thiab sau qhov tshwm sim.
Yog tias cov kua siv los ua kua, koj tseem tuaj yeem suav qhov hnyav uas siv cov mis hnyav: D = m/V, qhov twg D yog qhov ntom ntom, m yog qhov hnyav ntawm cov kua, thiab V yog ntim. Txhawm rau nrhiav qhov hnyav, sib npaug qhov ceev ntawm cov kua los ntawm qhov ntim
Tswv yim:
Yog tias koj yuav tsum siv lub ntsuas, txo qhov ntim ntawm lub thawv uas siv los tuav cov tshuaj kom tau txais qhov txiaj ntsig raug.
Kauj Ruam 2. Sau tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov tshuaj
Tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov tshuaj yog qhov hnyav ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tov sib xyaw. Yog tias koj tab tom nrhiav ntim hauv chav kuaj ntshav, sib tov cov tshuaj hauv lub tog raj kheej lossis lub raj mis thiab saib seb qhov ntsuas yog dab tsi. Ntsuas qhov ntim los ntawm qhov nkag mus rau sab saum toj ntawm cov tshuaj (meniscus) rau qhov ntsuas tau raug tshaj plaws. Sau qhov ntim ntawm cov tshuaj uas tau txais.
- Yog tias koj tsis ntsuas ntim koj tus kheej, koj yuav xav tau hloov qhov hnyav ntawm cov kuab tshuaj mus rau ntim siv cov qauv ntom.
- Piv txwv li, yog tias koj xav pom qhov concentration ntawm 3.45 grams ntsev hauv 2 liv dej, nrhiav qhov ntim uas siv cov mis ntom ntom. Saib qhov ntom ntom ntsev hauv phau ntawv lossis online, thiab siv nws los nrhiav tus nqi ntawm m. Hauv qhov no, qhov ntom ntsev yog 2.16 g/ml. Yog li, cov qauv ua 2.16 g/ml = (3.45 g)/V. Sib npaug txhua sab los ntawm V kom tau V (2.16 g/ml) = 3.45 g. Tom qab ntawd, faib txhua sab ntawm qhov sib npaug los ntawm 2.16 txhawm rau nrhiav tus nqi ntim, uas yog V = (3.45 g)/(2.16 g/ml) = 1.60 ml.
- Ntxiv qhov ntim ntawm cov kuab tshuaj rau qhov ntim ntawm cov kuab tshuaj. Yog li, hauv qhov piv txwv no, 2 L + 1.6 ml = 2,000 ml + 1.6 ml = 2.001.6 ml. Koj tuaj yeem tso tawm chav nyob hauv milliliters (ml) lossis hloov lawv rov qab mus rau litres thiab tau txais 2.002 L.
Kauj Ruam 3. Faib qhov hnyav ntawm qhov sib tov los ntawm qhov ntim tag nrho ntawm cov tshuaj
Siv cov mis C = m/V, qhov twg m yog qhov hnyav ntawm kev daws thiab V yog qhov ntim tag nrho ntawm cov tshuaj. Nkag mus rau qhov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los thiab qhov txiaj ntsig ntim, tom qab ntawd faib kom pom cov txiaj ntsig kev daws teeb meem. Tsis txhob hnov qab muab cov koog uas raug.
- Hauv qhov piv txwv no, rau qhov ntsuas ntawm 3.45 grams ntsev hauv 2 liv dej, qhov sib npaug yog C = (3.45 g)/(2.002 L) = 1.723 g/L.
- Qee zaum, cov lus nug nug cov lus teb hauv qee chav. Nco ntsoov hloov qhov txiaj ntsig mus rau chav nyob raug ua ntej ntsaws rau hauv cov mis kawg.
Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 3: Nrhiav Qhov Tseeb Hauv Feem Pua Feem lossis Tshooj Ib Leeg
Kauj Ruam 1. Nrhiav qhov hnyav ntawm qhov hnyav hauv grams
Ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm cov tshuaj uas koj npaj yuav sib tov hauv cov tshuaj. Nco ntsoov tias koj rho nws los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm lub khob kom qhov kev xam qhov tseeb yog qhov tseeb.
Yog tias qhov kev daws teeb meem yog kua, koj yuav tsum suav qhov hnyav uas siv cov mis D = m/V, qhov twg D yog qhov ntom ntawm cov kua, m yog qhov hnyav, thiab V yog qhov ntim. Saib qhov ntom ntom ntawm cov kua hauv phau ntawv lossis online txhawm rau daws cov mis saum toj no
Kauj Ruam 2. Txiav txim siab qhov hnyav ntawm cov tshuaj hauv grams
Tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm kev daws yog qhov hnyav ntawm qhov hnyav ntxiv rau qhov hnyav ntawm qhov daws. Nrhiav qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom siv siv qhov ntsuas sib npaug lossis hloov qhov ntim ntawm cov kuab tshuaj mus rau qhov hnyav siv cov mis rau qhov ntom ntom D = m/V. Ntxiv qhov hnyav ntawm cov tshuaj mus rau qhov hnyav ntawm cov tshuaj kom tau txais qhov ntim kawg.
Piv txwv li, yog tias koj xav pom qhov sib xyaw ntawm 10 grams cocoa hmoov nrog 1.2 L dej, xub pom thawj qhov dej uas siv cov mis tuab. Cov dej ntom ntom yog 1000 g/L yog li koj cov mis yuav yog 1000 g/L = m/(1,2 L). Muab txhua sab los ntawm 1.2 L kom tau qhov hnyav hauv grams kom m = (1, 2 L) (1,000 g/L) = 1,200 grams. Ntxiv rau qhov hnyav ntawm cocoa hmoov kom tau 1,210 grams
Kauj Ruam 3. Faib qhov hnyav ntawm qhov sib tov los ntawm qhov hnyav tag nrho ntawm cov tshuaj
Sau ib qho kev ua kom lub siab C = pawg ntawm kev daws teeb meem/tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm kev daws. Nkag mus rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig thiab daws qhov kev ua zauv kom pom cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev daws teeb meem.
Hauv peb qhov piv txwv, C = (10 g)/(1.210 g) = 0.00826
Kauj Ruam 4. Muab cov lus teb los ntawm 100 kom pom cov ntsiab lus hauv feem pua
Yog koj raug nug kom nthuav qhia koj qhov kev mloog zoo raws li feem pua, muab koj cov lus teb los ntawm 100. Muab tus cim feem pua ntawm qhov kawg ntawm koj cov lus teb.
Hauv qhov piv txwv no, feem pua ntawm cov concentration yog (0.00826) (100) = 0.826%
Kauj Ruam 5. Muab cov concentration los ntawm 1,000,000 txhawm rau nrhiav cov khoom ib lab
Sib npaug qhov tau txais cov txiaj ntsig siab thiab sib npaug los ntawm 1,000,000 lossis 106. Qhov tshwm sim yog tus naj npawb ntawm ib feem ntawm ib lab (bpj) ntawm kev daws teeb meem. Muab chav tsev bpj hauv qhov lus teb kawg.
Hauv qhov piv txwv no, bpj = (0, 00826) (1,000,000) = 8,260 bpd
Tswv yim:
Ib feem ntawm ib lab feem ntau yog siv rau qhov sib xyaw me me vim tias lawv yooj yim dua los sau thiab nkag siab dua li feem pua.
Txoj Kev 3 ntawm 3: Xam Molarity
Kauj Ruam 1. Ntxiv cov atomic masses ntawm cov kuab tshuaj ua ke kom pom cov pos hniav
Saib ntawm lub hauv paus hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg rau cov tshuaj siv. Sau cov atomic masses rau txhua lub ntsiab hauv kev daws vim hais tias cov atomic thiab molar masses zoo ib yam. Ntxiv cov atomic masses ntawm cov kuab tshuaj kom pom tag nrho cov pos hniav. Sau lo lus teb kawg hauv g/mol.
- Piv txwv li, yog tias cov kuab tshuaj yog potassium hydroxide (KOH), nrhiav cov atomic masses rau potassium, oxygen, thiab hydrogen thiab ntxiv tag nrho lawv ua ke. Hauv qhov no molar hnyav = 39 +16 + 1 = 56 g/mol.
- Molarity feem ntau yog siv hauv tshuaj lom neeg thaum koj paub cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov kuab tshuaj siv.
Kauj Ruam 2. Faib qhov hnyav ntawm cov kua los ntawm cov molar kom pom cov nqi mole
Nrhiav qhov hnyav ntawm kev daws teeb meem ntxiv rau koj cov kev daws teeb meem siv lab, yog tias xav tau. Xyuas kom koj txo qhov ntim ntawm lub thawv kom koj tau txais qhov txiaj ntsig raug. Faib qhov hnyav uas tau los ntawm cov pos hniav kom tau txais tus lej ntawm cov kuab tshuaj siv. Muab chav "mole" hauv cov lus teb.
- Piv txwv li, yog tias koj xav pom tus naj npawb ntawm moles hauv 25 grams potassium hydroxide (KOH), qhov sib npaug yuav yog moles = (25 g)/(56 g/mol) = 0.45 mol
- Hloov qhov hnyav ntawm cov tshuaj mus rau grams yog tias nws tseem nyob hauv lwm chav.
- Lub mole tau siv los sawv cev rau tus lej atomic hauv kev daws teeb meem.
Kauj Ruam 3. Hloov qhov ntim ntawm cov tshuaj rau litres
Nrhiav qhov ntim ntawm cov kuab tshuaj ua ntej koj sib tov qhov hnyav. Siv lub raj mis lossis ntsuas lub tog raj kheej txhawm rau ntsuas qhov ntim ntawm cov kuab tshuaj yog tias tus nqi tsis paub. Yog tias chav tsev siv yog milliliters, faib los ntawm 1,000 kom hloov nws mus rau litres.
- Hauv qhov piv txwv no, yog tias koj siv 400 ml dej, faib los ntawm 1000 kom hloov nws mus rau litres, uas yog 0.4 L.
- Yog tias qhov hnyav tau muaj litres, tsuas yog hla cov kauj ruam no.
Tswv yim:
Koj tsis tas yuav suav nrog qhov ntim ntawm cov tshuaj vim nws feem ntau tsis cuam tshuam rau ntim ntau. Yog tias muaj qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv ntim thaum cov kuab tshuaj tov nrog cov kuab tshuaj, siv tag nrho ntim.
Kauj Ruam 4. Sib faib cov moles ntawm kev daws los ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov tshuaj hauv litres
Sau qhov sib npaug rau molarity M = mol/V, qhov twg mole yog tus naj npawb ntawm moles hauv qhov hnyav thiab V yog qhov ntim ntawm cov kuab tshuaj. Daws qhov kev ua zauv thiab txuas chav M rau cov lus teb.
