Kev tshuaj xyuas yog sau ua haujlwm uas tham txog txhua yam ntawm daim ntawv kom ntxaws. Txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas zoo, koj yuav tsum xav txog yuav ua li cas thiab vim li cas daim ntawv ua haujlwm lossis muaj txiaj ntsig. Cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem pib los ntawm kev sau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov kev tshuaj xyuas thiab txiav txim siab cov lus nug kom teb los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas. Tom qab piav qhia qhov kev sib cav tseem ceeb, nrhiav cov pov thawj tshwj xeeb los txhawb nws. Tom qab ntawd, koj tuaj yeem xaws qhov kev tshuaj xyuas rau hauv cov ntawv sib xws.
Kauj ruam
Ntu 1 ntawm 3: Sib Sau Cov Ntaub Ntawv thiab Lub Tsev Sib ceg
Kauj Ruam 1. Txheeb xyuas txoj haujlwm kom zoo
Ua ntej koj pib ua haujlwm ntawm koj qhov kev tshuaj xyuas, xyuas kom koj nkag siab zoo tias yuav tsum ua dab tsi. Txog kev tshuaj xyuas tsev kawm ntawv, tus kws qhia ntawv yuav tau qhia cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws. Yog tsis yog, xav tias dawb nug. Sim nrhiav kom paub cov hauv qab no:
- Puas yog qhov kev tshuaj xyuas yuav teb cov lus nug tshwj xeeb lossis tsom mus rau ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm daim ntawv raug tshuaj xyuas?
- Puas muaj qhov ntev lossis cov qauv ua raws.
- Cov txheej txheem citation yog txiav txim los ntawm tus kws qhia lossis kws qhia ntawv.
- Tus kws qhia lossis tus saib xyuas yuav ntsuas qhov ntsuas li cas (piv txwv li, teeb tsa, qhov tseeb, siv cov ntaub ntawv hais txog thiab kev hais tawm, lossis kho kom raug thiab sau ntawv raug).
Kauj Ruam 2. Sau cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim txog cov ncauj lus ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas
Kev txheeb xyuas feem ntau yuav tsum xaiv ib daim ntawv nkaus xwb. Tej zaum koj yuav raug nug kom txheeb xyuas cov ntawv, xws li phau ntawv, paj huam, kab lus, lossis ntawv. Qee qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tsom mus rau qhov pom lossis pom lub suab, xws li duab, duab, lossis yeeb yaj kiab. Txheeb xyuas yam koj yuav tshuaj xyuas, thiab sau cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim, xws li:
- Cov ntaub ntawv npe (yog tias muaj).
- Lub npe ntawm tus tsim cov ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv li, tus kws sau ntawv, tus neeg pleev xim, tus thawj coj, tus ua yeeb yam, lossis tus kws yees duab.
- Daim ntawv thiab nruab nrab ntawm daim ntawv (piv txwv li, "pleev xim, pleev xim rau ntawm daim ntaub").
- Thaum twg thiab qhov twg daim ntawv tau tsim.
- Cov keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
Kauj Ruam 3. Nyeem cov ntawv kom zoo thiab sau tseg
Tom qab sau cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim, tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv kom zoo. Ua tib zoo saib seb qhov kev tshuaj xyuas yuav tsum teb cov lus nug tshwj xeeb lossis hais txog qee yam ntawm daim ntawv. Sau koj cov kev xav thiab kev xav. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj tab tom tshuaj xyuas daim ntawv tshaj tawm, nco ntsoov cov hauv qab no:
- Leej twg yog cov neeg tuaj saib lub hom phiaj rau kev tshaj tawm?
- Cov lus xaiv dab tsi uas tus sau tau tsim los coj cov neeg tuaj saib rau nws lub ntsiab lus.
- Yam khoom twg yog tshaj tawm.
- Yuav ua li cas daim ntawv loj loj siv cov duab los ua kom cov khoom lag luam zoo nkauj.
- Puas muaj cov ntawv hauv daim ntawv tshaj tawm, thiab yog li, nws ua haujlwm li cas ntawm daim duab txhawm rau hais txog cov lus tshaj tawm.
- Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshaj tawm lossis dab tsi yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb.
Kauj Ruam 4. Txiav txim siab lo lus nug uas koj xav teb nrog kev tshuaj xyuas
Kev tshuaj xyuas sau ntawv yuav tsum muaj qhov pom tseeb thiab nqaim. Kev tshuaj xyuas yuav tsum teb "ua li cas" lossis "vim li cas" cov lus nug, tsis yog sau cov ntsiab lus. Yog tias txoj haujlwm tsis nug koj kom tsom mus rau cov lus nug lossis yam tshwj xeeb, koj yuav tsum xaiv ib qho.
Piv txwv li, txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas daim ntawv tshaj tawm, koj yuav tsom mus rau lo lus nug: “Daim ntawv loj loj siv xim li cas los ua piv txwv txog qhov teeb meem cov khoom lag luam no xav daws? Daim ntawv no puas tseem siv xim los sawv cev rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv cov khoom?"
Kauj Ruam 5. Sau cov ntsiab lus sib cav
Tom qab nqaim qhov kev tsom xam, txiav txim siab yuav ua li cas koj yuav teb cov lus nug ntsig txog. Nco tseg lub ntsiab lus sib cav. Qhov no yuav tsim lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas.
- Piv txwv li, koj yuav sau, “Daim ntawv tshaj tawm no siv liab los qhia txog kev mob taub hau. Cov xim xiav hauv kev tsim qauv sawv cev rau kev kho kom zoo uas cov khoom lag luam coj los."
- Koj tuaj yeem nthuav dav ntawm qhov kev sib cav no los ntawm kev hais tias, "Cov xim siv hauv cov ntawv txhawb nqa kev siv xim hauv cov duab nraaj ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm, pab peb tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus thiab cov duab."
Kauj Ruam 6. Sau cov pov thawj thiab cov piv txwv los txhawb kev sib cav
Kev nthuav tawm ntawm kev sib cav ib leeg tsis txaus. Yuav kom ntseeg tus nyeem ntawv, koj yuav tsum muab pov thawj txhawb nqa. Feem ntau, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj yuav tsum yog los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raug tshuaj xyuas, tab sis koj tseem tuaj yeem hais tawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas muab kev txhawb nqa ntxiv.
- Piv txwv li, yog tias koj xav tias daim ntawv tshaj tawm siv liab liab los sawv cev rau qhov mob, koj tuaj yeem qhia tias tus neeg mob liab, thaum cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig nws yog xiav. Lwm qhov pov thawj yog siv cov ntawv liab rau lo lus "HEAD" thiab "PAIN" hauv daim ntawv tshaj xo.
- Koj kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv cov pov thawj sab nraud los txhawb qhov kev thov. Piv txwv li, taw qhia tias nyob hauv lub tebchaws uas tau tshaj tawm, liab feem ntau yog cuam tshuam nrog ceeb toom lossis phom sij.
Tswv yim:
Thaum txheeb xyuas cov ntawv, xyuas kom tseeb tias koj hais tawm qhov raug siv los txhawb kev sib cav. Muab cov lus ncaj qha tso rau hauv cov lus hais ("") thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv qhia chaw, xws li nplooj ntawv tus lej cim. Tsis tas li, ua raws cov lus citation uas tus thawj saib xyuas lossis hnub nyoog citation feem ntau siv rau cov ncauj lus koj tab tom sau txog.
Ntu 2 ntawm 3: Kev Txheeb Xyuas thiab Kev Txheeb Xyuas Qauv
Kauj Ruam 1. Sau nqe lus thesis lossis kab lus kab lus
Cov kws tshuaj ntsuam feem ntau pib nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Kev sau ntawv thesis thaum pib pab koj tsom thaum npaj thiab tsim koj li kev tshuaj xyuas. Hauv 1 lossis 2 kab lus, piav qhia lub ntsiab lus sib cav uas koj yuav hais txog. Sau lub npe thiab tus sau (yog paub) ntawm daim ntawv koj tab tom tshuaj xyuas.
Piv txwv li, "Tus 'Ah! Qhov mob ploj mus ', tsim xyoo 1932 los ntawm Soedarto Permadi, siv cov xim sib txawv los ua piv txwv txog kev mob taub hau thiab kho tau los ntawm Jamoe. Mob taub hau Njonja Oentoeng. Liab qhia qhov mob, thaum xiav qhia tias kho tau zoo."
Tswv yim:
Tus saib xyuas yuav tau muab cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb txog cov ntaub ntawv twg los suav nrog hauv daim ntawv thesis (piv txwv li npe, tus sau, thiab hnub tim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj xyuas). Yog tias koj tseem tsis paub meej txog hom ntawv ntawm koj daim ntawv thesis lossis kab lus, tsis txhob ua siab deb nug.
Kauj Ruam 2. Tsim cov txheej txheem tshuaj xyuas
Tom qab txiav txim siab thesis thiab cov lus sib cav thaum nyeem cov ntawv, tsim cov qauv piav qhia. Suav nrog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab pov thawj uas yuav txhawb nqa txhua qhov kev sib cav. Hauv qab no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov qauv yooj yim ntawm cov txheej txheem ntsuas:
-
I. Taw qhia
- a Keeb kwm yav dhau
- b. Thesis
-
II. lub cev
-
a Kev sib cav 1
- kuv. Piv txwv
- ii. Kev Ntsuam Xyuas/Piav Qhia
- iii. Piv txwv
- ib iv. Kev Ntsuam Xyuas/Piav Qhia
-
b. Kev sib cav 2
- kuv. Piv txwv
- ii. Kev Ntsuam Xyuas/Piav Qhia
- iii. Piv txwv
- ib iv. Kev Ntsuam Xyuas/Piav Qhia
-
-
c. Kev sib cav 3
-
- kuv. Piv txwv
- ii. Kev Ntsuam Xyuas/Piav Qhia
- iii. Piv txwv
- ib iv. Kev Ntsuam Xyuas/Piav Qhia
-
- III. Xaus
Kauj Ruam 3. Sau kab lus pib
Cov kab lus pib yuav tsum muab cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim hais txog daim ntawv raug tshuaj xyuas, nrog rau cov kab lus lossis kab lus thesis. Koj tsis tas yuav muab cov ntsiab lus ntxaws, tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv txaus rau cov neeg mloog kom nkag siab qhov koj tab tom tham txog.
Piv txwv li, "Xyoo 1920s lig, tus niam tsev nyob hauv Semarang Residency tau tsim kho mob taub hau tshuaj ntsuab uas ua tiav kev lag luam sai sai ntawm cov kob Java. Lub koob npe ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab no feem ntau yog los ntawm kev tshaj tawm zoo nkauj tshaj tawm ntau tshaj kaum xyoo tom qab. Cov ntawv tshaj xo 'Ah! "Poob qhov mob", tsim xyoo 1932 los ntawm tus tsim qauv Soedarto Permadi, siv cov xim sib txawv los ua piv txwv txog kev mob taub hau thiab kho kom zoo uas Jamoe Mob Taub Hau Njonja Oentoeng coj los."
Kauj Ruam 4. Siv lub cev ntawm cov ntawv sau los nthuav qhia lub ntsiab lus sib cav
Ua raws cov txheej txheem qhia, txhim kho lub ntsiab lus sib cav. Nyob ntawm qhov ntev thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm koj qhov kev tshuaj xyuas, koj tuaj yeem sau txhua qhov kev sib cav hauv ib lossis ntau nqe lus. Txhua kab lus yuav tsum muaj ib kab lus kab lus, ntxiv rau 2 lossis ntau kab lus uas tsim thiab txhawb cov ntsiab lus kab lus. Nco ntsoov tias koj suav nrog cov piv txwv tshwj xeeb thiab pov thawj los txhawb txhua qhov kev sib cav.
- Suav nrog kev hloov pauv meej ntawm txhua qhov kev sib cav thiab pawg lus. Siv cov lus hloov pauv thiab kab lus, xws li "Tom ntej", "Ntxiv rau", "Piv txwv li", "Zoo ib yam", lossis "Txwv tsis pub".
- Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los npaj kev sib cav sib txawv nyob ntawm tus kheej cov ncauj lus thiab cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb uas koj xav ua. Piv txwv li, hauv kev txheeb xyuas daim ntawv loj loj, koj tuaj yeem pib nrog kev sib cav txog qhov pom ntawm lub xim liab thiab tom qab ntawd txav mus rau kev sib tham txog tias cov ntawv liab haum rau hauv nws li cas.
Kauj Ruam 5. Kos cov lus xaus uas piav qhia qhov kev tshuaj xyuas
Hauv kab lus xaus, suav cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov lus sib cav uas tau tham hauv kev tshuaj xyuas. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis txhob rov qab thesis ua lwm hom lus. Koj tuaj yeem xaus qhov kev tshuaj xyuas nrog 1 lossis 2 kab lus tham txog kev ua tau raws li kev tshuaj xyuas, lossis nrhiav txoj hauv kev txuas qhov kev xaus rau kev taw qhia rau kev sau ntawv.
Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem xaus koj cov ntawv nrog ob peb kab lus hais txog yuav ua li cas lwm qhov kev tshaj tawm thaum lub sijhawm cuam tshuam los ntawm Soedarto Permadi kev siv xim
Kauj Ruam 6. Tsis txhob nthuav tawm tus kheej lub tswv yim ntawm daim ntawv
Cov ntawv sau tshuaj xyuas lub hom phiaj los nthuav tawm cov lus sib cav raws li cov pov thawj thiab cov piv txwv meej. Tsis txhob tsom mus rau koj qhov kev xav, lossis qhov kev xav ntawm tus kheej rau hauv daim ntawv.
Piv txwv li, hauv kev sib tham txog kev tshaj tawm, zam kev tshaj tawm tus kheej tias kev ua haujlwm "zoo nkauj" lossis tias qhov kev tshaj tawm yog "tho txawv." Hloov chaw, tsom mus rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm ua tiav thiab ua li cas tus tsim qauv ua haujlwm kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawd
Ntu 3 ntawm 3: Txheeb Xyuas Kev Ntsuas
Kauj Ruam 1. Txheeb xyuas yog tias qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam teeb tsa tsim nyog
Tom qab suav qhov kev tshuaj xyuas, rov nyeem dua thiab paub tseeb tias cov dej ntws muaj qhov tseeb. Kuj xyuas kom tseeb tias muaj kev hloov pauv meej ntawm cov tswv yim thiab qhov kev txiav txim uas cov tswv yim nthuav tawm ua rau muaj kev nkag siab.
Piv txwv li, yog tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau ntawv dhia ntawm cov ntsiab lus liab thiab xiav, txiav txim siab rov kho nws kom cov ntsiab lus liab los tham ua ntej, tom qab ntawd tsom mus rau lub ntsiab lus xiav
Kauj Ruam 2. Saib rau thaj chaw uas yuav tsum tau qhia meej lossis ntxiv cov ntsiab lus
Thaum sau ntawv tshuaj xyuas, nws muaj peev xwm tias cov ntsiab lus uas tuaj yeem hais meej cov lus sib cav tau hnov qab. Nyeem tsab ntawv ua tib zoo ua ntej thiab saib rau thaj chaw twg uas cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam tuaj yeem muab ntxiv.
Piv txwv li, nrhiav qhov chaw ntxiv ib qho piv txwv uas txhawb nqa ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib cav
Kauj Ruam 3. Tshem tawm cov seem uas tsis cuam tshuam
Nrhiav cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas tsis txhawb nqa lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb. Rhais kab lus lossis kab lus uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog lub tswv yim nthuav tawm.
- Yog tias koj suav nrog nqe lus hais txog Soedarto Permadi txoj haujlwm dhau los ua cov menyuam yaus phau ntawv qhia, cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem raug rho tawm yog tias nws tsis cuam tshuam nrog nws qhov kev txiav txim siab siv xim hauv kev tshaj tawm.
- Tshem tawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas tuaj yeem nyuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj tau ua haujlwm dhau ib kab lus lossis pom cov khoom tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshuaj xyuas yuav muaj zog dua yog tias nws tau sau luv luv thiab luv.
Kauj Ruam 4. Kho thiab kho kom raug
Thaum koj pom teeb meem loj hauv chaw teeb tsa, tshawb xyuas qhov ua tib zoo. Saib rau kev sau ntawv, cov qauv sau ntawv, lossis cov cim cim cim. Kho tam sim. Thaum kho dua, xyuas kom meej tias txhua qhov kev hais tawm tau raug teeb tsa kom raug.
Nug lwm tus neeg los nyeem qhov kev tshuaj xyuas thiab nrhiav qhov yuam kev uas koj yuav ploj mus
Tswv yim:
Yog tias koj nyeem ntsiag to, kev sau yuam kev thiab qhov yuam kev me me qee zaum ploj vim lub hlwb kho lawv tus kheej. Sim nyeem nrov nrov, thiab qhov yuam kev yuav pom ntau dua.
