Kev sib tham yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv cov ntawv sau dab neeg, vim nws muab cov ntsiab lus meej dua txog cov cim uas twb muaj lawm, txog qhov lawv cuam tshuam nrog lwm tus thiab tsim muaj zog dua hauv cov dab neeg txheej txheem. Qee tus kws sau ntawv, xws li Ernest Hemingway lossis Raymond Carver, tso siab rau kev sib tham, tab sis lwm tus siv nws tsawg dua. Txawm li cas los xij, ua ntej koj siv kev sib tham hauv koj tus kheej kev sau ntawv, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas koj nkag siab yuav ua li cas txhawm rau cim qhov kev sib tham. Cov kev cai hauv paus hauv paus no yuav ua rau koj sau ntawv zoo li thiab muaj txiaj ntsig thiab muaj txuj ci ntau dua.
Kauj ruam
Ntu 1 ntawm 3: Nkag Siab Lub Hauv Paus
Kauj Ruam 1. Muab cov cim cim cim tseg rau kab lus uas xaus nrog cov lus sib tham
Thaum sau kev sib tham, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov yog tias koj yuav tsum muab cov lus sib tham tso rau hauv kab lus thiab kaw nws nrog tus lej hauv kab lus yog tias koj yuav ntxiv qee cov lus uas qhia tus neeg hais lus. Kev siv tus lej ua ntej los ntawm kev hais lo lus kaw, ua raws li cov lus qhia thiab lub npe lossis lub npe ntawm tus neeg hais lus (lossis hauv qhov rov qab txiav txim: lub npe lossis lub npe tom qab hais qhia), yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj los hais kab lus. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- Mary hais tias "Kuv tsuas xav nyeem phau ntawv thaum pw hauv txaj txhua hnub," Mary hais.
- "Kuv xav ua tiag tiag, tab sis tu siab kuv yuav tsum tau mus ua haujlwm," Tom hais.
- Mary hais tias "Koj tuaj yeem so rau hnub so," Mary hais.
Kauj Ruam 2. Muab cov cim cim cim tseg rau kab lus uas pib nrog cov lus sib tham
Thaum koj pib kab lus nrog cov lus uas qhia txog kev sib tham, tib txoj cai siv. Qhov sib txawv tsuas yog tam sim no koj siv cov lus qhia thiab cov npe lossis tus hais lus lub npe thaum pib ntawm kab lus, ua raws los ntawm tus lej, tus cim hais lus qhib, lub cev ntawm kev sib tham, lub sijhawm lossis lwm yam cim kaw cov cim cim, thiab tom qab ntawd kaw cov lus hais. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- Mary hais tias, "Kuv xav tias kuv tsuas yog noj cov ncuav qab zib rau pluas tshais."
- Tom hais tias, "Koj puas xav tias yog qhov kev xaiv noj qab haus huv tshaj plaws?"
- Nws teb tias, "Tau kawg tsis yog. Tab sis qhov ntawd yog qhov uas ntxias kuv ntau heev."
Kauj Ruam 3. Muab cov cim cim cim tseg rau kab lus uas muaj cov lus sib tham hauv nruab nrab
Lwm txoj hauv kev los sau cov lus sib tham yog tso cov lus uas qhia txog kev sib tham hauv nruab nrab ntawm kab lus. Qhov no yuav tsim kev ncua thaum koj txuas ntxiv kab lus. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum tso tus cim cim cim cim tseg hauv thawj ntu ntawm kev sib tham raws li ib txwm muaj, tab sis tam sim no koj tsis tso tag nrho qhov nres lossis kaw cov cim cim cim tseg, hloov chaw koj muab tus lej cim txuas ntxiv mus rau ntu thib ob ntawm sib tham Yam uas koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tsis txhob pib qhov thib ob ntawm kev sib tham nrog tsab ntawv loj, vim nws yog ib feem ntawm tib kab lus. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- "Kuv xav khiav," Mary hais tias, "tab sis kuv tsuas yog zaum ntawm lub rooj zaum no."
- "Muaj qee yam uas zoo siab tshaj li zaum hauv lub rooj zaum," Tom hais tias, "tab sis qee zaum kev khiav yog txhua yam koj yuav tsum tau ua."
- "Kuv tsis tas yuav khiav …" Mary teb tias, "ib yam li kuv tsis xav tau pebbles hauv kuv nkawm khau."
Kauj Ruam 4. Muab cov cim cim cim tseg rau kab lus uas muaj cov lus sib tham ntawm ob kab lus sib tham
Ib txoj hauv kev txhawm rau txiav txim siab sib tham yog cim ib kab lus raws li ib txwm muaj, muab lub sijhawm xaus, thiab tom qab ntawd pib kab lus tshiab yam tsis qhia tus neeg hais lus hlo li. Raws li cov ntsiab lus, nws yuav tsum pom tseeb tias cov neeg hais lus yog tib tus neeg. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- Mary hais tias "Cov tub ntxhais kawm tshiab hauv tsev kawm ntawv saib zoo," Mary hais. "Kuv xav paub nws zoo dua."
- "Kuv xav tias nws zoo li khav me ntsis thiab tsis ua phooj ywg," Tom teb. "Koj zoo heev, xav ua phooj ywg nrog nws."
- Mary hais tias "Kuv tsis paub," "Kuv tsuas yog xav muab sijhawm rau lwm tus neeg. Koj yuav tsum ua nws ib yam nkaus thiab."
Kauj Ruam 5. Muab cov cim cim cim cim rau ntawm cov lus sib tham uas tsis suav nrog cov lus sib tham
Ntau qhov kev sib tham tsis xav tau qee cov lus los qhia txog kev muaj kev sib tham. Los ntawm cov ntsiab lus, nws yuav pom tseeb tias tus neeg hais lus yog leej twg. Koj tseem tuaj yeem siv cov lus hais lossis tus neeg lub npe tom qab kab lus, kom ua kom pom tseeb dua. Tsis txhob cia tus nyeem ntawv thuam los ntawm txhua kab, lossis rov qab mus rau ntu yav dhau los txhawm rau nrhiav seb leej twg tau hais lus hauv qhov kev sib tham tsis qhia npe ntawm ob tus neeg. Ib yam nkaus, tsis txhob rov hais dua "nws tau hais" txhua lub sijhawm hais lus. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- "Kuv tsis xav tias kev sib raug zoo tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv." Mary ua si nrog nws tus cwj mem.
- Tom ntsia hauv pem teb nws nyob. "Vim li cas koj thiaj hais li ntawd?"
- "Kuv hais li ntawd vim kuv hnov nws. Qhov kev sib raug zoo no yuav tsis ua haujlwm, Tom. Ua cas koj tsis pom nws?”
- "Tej zaum kuv dig muag."
Ntu 2 ntawm 3: Siv Lwm Cov Cim Cim
Kauj Ruam 1. Muab lo lus nug nug
Txhawm rau muab lo lus nug cim rau hauv kev sib tham, tso ib lo lus nug cim ua ntej lub kaw lus hais tawm, tsis yog lub sijhawm uas koj ib txwm siv. Qhov yuav tsum tau saib xyuas yog tias, txawm tias nws zoo li txawv, koj yuav tsum tseem siv cov tsiaj ntawv qis thaum sau cov lus sib tham (piv txwv li, "hais" lossis "teb"), vim tias lawv tseem yog ib feem ntawm tib kab lus. Xwb, koj tuaj yeem tso cov lus uas qhia qhov kev sib tham no thaum pib kab lus lossis tsis siv lawv txhua. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- "Vim li cas koj tsis tuaj rau kuv lub hnub yug?" Mary nug.
- Tom teb tias, “Kuv xav tias peb tau sib tawg. Peb tsis tau tawg?"
- "Txij thaum twg yog kev sib tawg vim li cas thiaj tsis tuaj rau lwm tus neeg tog?"
- "Puas muaj laj thawj zoo dua?" hais Tom.
Kauj Ruam 2. Muab tus cim exclamation
Txhawm rau muab tus exclamation taw tes rau hauv kev sib tham, ua raws tib txoj cai ib yam li thaum koj siv lub sijhawm lossis cov lus nug cim. Cov neeg sau ntawv feem ntau yuav hais tias cov ntsiab lus exclamation yuav tsum raug zam, thiab cov kab lus thiab zaj dab neeg nws tus kheej yuav qhia tus ntsuj plig yam tsis xav tau lub ntsiab lus tshaj tawm. Tseem, qee zaum siv lub ntsiab lus exclamation tsis mob. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- "Kuv tos tsis tau lub caij ntuj sov xaus thiab peb tuaj yeem rov mus kawm ntawv!" hais tias Mary.
- "Kuv thiab!" hais Tom. "Kuv tsis khoom nyob hauv tsev."
- Mary teb tias, “Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kuv! Kuv twb muaj peb hom ntsaum sau hauv lub hlis no ib leeg."
Kauj Ruam 3. Muab cov lus tso rau hauv kab lus sib tham
Txoj kev no yog qhov nyuaj me ntsis thiab yuav tsis siv ntau zaus, tab sis nws tseem tsim nyog kawm. Tsuas yog ib qho cim hais thaum pib thiab xaus ntawm kab lus uas yog lub npe ntawm kev ua haujlwm kos duab lossis nqe lus los ntawm ib tus neeg. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- Mary hais tias "Kuv nyiam zaj dab neeg Hemingway yog 'Roob Zoo li Ntxhw Dawb,'" Mary hais.
- "Tsis yog peb cov kws qhia ntawv Askiv feem ntau hu nws 'zaj dab neeg txaus ntshai tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb'?" nug Tom.
Kauj Ruam 4. Muab tus cim cim cim cim tseg rau ntawm qhov tsis sib txuas lus
Yog tias koj sau kev sib tham ntawm ob tus cim, txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev sib tham zoo dua, koj yuav tsum qhia tias tib neeg feem ntau tos lawv tig los hais lus zoo. Qee zaum lawv tuaj yeem txiav txhua kab lus hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev sib tham, ib yam li hauv qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag. Txhawm rau qhia qhov cuam tshuam zoo li qhov no, koj tuaj yeem siv kab ncaj ntawm qhov kawg ntawm kab lus tawg, tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau kab lus uas cuam tshuam tus neeg hais lus qub, thiab koj tseem tuaj yeem siv kab ncaj thaum pib ntawm kab lus uas txuas rau thawj kab lus dua. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- Tom hais tias, "Kuv tau xav txog kev hu xov tooj, tab sis kuv tsis khoom ntau thiab -"
- "Kuv nkees nkees ntawm koj qhov kev thov txim," Mary txiav rau hauv. "Txhua zaus koj tso tseg txoj kev hu xov tooj -"
- "Lub sijhawm no nws txawv," Tom teb. "Ntseeg kuv."
Ntu 3 ntawm 3: Kawm Tau Raws Li Xav Tau
Kauj Ruam 1. Muab cov cim cim cim tseg rau kab lus uas siv kev sib tham ncaj qha
Tsis yog txhua qhov kev sib tham tau sau meej lossis siv cov cim hais tseg. Qee zaum, koj tsis xav tau/yuav tsum hais raws nraim li txhua tus cim hais, tab sis tsuas yog sau cov tswv yim dav dav uas nws lossis nws tau hais. Qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev so kom txaus rau cov neeg nyeem tsis muaj zog tom qab ua raws cov lus sib tham yav dhau los thiab tseem yog ib txoj hauv kev kom zam kev hais tawm los ntawm kev sib tham ncaj qha thaum lub sijhawm nws zoo dua suav nrog kev sib tham ncaj qha. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- Nws hais rau tus poj niam tias nws tsis xav mus tom lub tiaj ua si.
- Tus poj niam hais tias nws tsis quav ntsej yog nws tsis xav tuaj.
- Nws hais tias nws yuav tsum tsum tsis txhob ua siab tawv txhua lub sijhawm.
Kauj Ruam 2. Siv cov lus sib tham los qhia qhov kev ncua
Ib yam uas koj tuaj yeem ua yog tshem tawm kab lus los ntawm kev tso cov lus uas qhia txog kev sib tham, los qhia txog kev ncua lossis qhia tias tus cwj pwm tab tom xav lossis sim nrhiav cov lus zoo los hais. Qhov no tuaj yeem pab ntxiv qhov nrawm rau kev sib tham thiab ua rau nws mloog zoo dua, vim tias tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem nrhiav kab lus zoo meej tam sim ntawd. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- "Okay," Sarah hais. "Kuv xav tias tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv hais."
- "Kuv paub," Jerry teb. "Tab sis kuv xav kom koj pom nws tus kheej."
Kauj Ruam 3. Muab cov cim cim cim cim tseg rau ntawm kev sib tham uas siv ntau dua ib kab lus
Koj tsis tas yuav sau cov lus sib tham lossis ua rau txhua tus cim hais ib kab lus ib zaug. Qee zaum, tus cwj pwm yuav hais lus ntev, thiab koj tuaj yeem ua tau yooj yim qhia qhov no los ntawm kev hais cov kab lus ib tus zuj zus kom txog thaum tus cwj pwm tau hais lus tas. Tom qab ntawd, koj muab kaw cov lus hais tom kawg ntawm kab lus, lossis muab cov lus sib tham uas qhia tias tus neeg hais lus yog leej twg. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- "Kuv nkees heev. Leej twg xav tuaj saib yeeb yam ua yeeb yam nrog kuv? " hais tias Mary.
- Jake teb hais tias, "Kuv xav nrog kuv tus dev mus ua haujlwm. Nws ua tsis tau dab tsi yog tsis muaj kuv."
Kauj Ruam 4. Txheeb cais qhov kev sib tham uas kav ntev dua ib kab lus
Qee zaum, tus cwj pwm hais lus rau ntau kab lus yam tsis tau tso tseg. Txhawm rau qhia qhov no nrog cov ntawv sau kom raug, koj yuav tsum siv cov lus hais qhib thaum pib ntawm thawj kab lus, tom qab ntawd sau cov kab lus uas nws tau hais, thiab xaus kab lus yam tsis muaj kev kaw xws li lub sijhawm, cim lus nug lossis cim exclamation. Tom qab ntawd, pib kab lus thib ob nrog lwm qhov qhib cov lus hais thiab txuas ntxiv mus kom txog thaum tus yam ntxwv tau hais lus tas. Hauv qhov no, muab lub cim kaw kaw ntawm qhov kawg ntawm nqe lus raws li ib txwm muaj. Ua nws zoo li qhov piv txwv hauv qab no:
- (Nqe lus 1:) “Kuv yeej xav qhia koj txog kuv tus phooj ywg Bill… nws vwm heev.
- (Nqe lus 2:) "Bill muaj lub vaj paj cactus, tab sis nws muag vim nws xav nyob ntawm lub nkoj caij nkoj. Tom qab ntawd nws muag lub nkoj los tsim lub tsev fuabtais, tom qab ntawd nws tau dhuav thiab txiav txim siab ua luam dej hla hiav txwv Atlantic."
Kauj Ruam 5. Txheeb cov lus sib tham siv kab ncaj nraim tsis txhob siv tus lej cim
Tsis yog txhua lub tebchaws siv cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg los qhia tias tus cwj pwm tab tom hais lus. Qee lub tebchaws, xws li Russia, Fabkis, Spain, siv cov kab ncaj los qhia qhov no. Txoj kev no, koj tsis tas yuav siv cov lus sib tham, koj tsuas yog xav kom paub tseeb tias tus nyeem ntawv nkag siab leej twg yog tus hais lus. Yog tias koj xaiv txoj hauv kev no, koj yuav tsum ua li ntawd tas li thaum koj sau ntawv. Qhov no siv sijhawm xyaum, tab sis nws tuaj yeem tsim qhov ntxim nyiam yog tias koj ua raws nws. Cov hauv qab no yog piv txwv:
- -Kuv xav tias kuv yuav tsum mus tam sim no.
- -Okay.
- -Tom qab ntawd, ntsib koj tom qab.
Kauj Ruam 6. Nrhiav cov lus uas tsis yog “hais” los qhia kev sib tham
Thaum cov kws sau ntawv zoo li Hemingway lossis Carver tsis tshua siv lwm cov lus sib tham, qee zaum koj tuaj yeem siv qee yam uas tsim nyog dua. Thaum koj tsis tas yuav cuam tshuam rau tus nyeem ntawv nrog cov lus zoo li "nug" lossis "nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv," koj tuaj yeem siv lwm lo lus los ua qhov hloov pauv tshiab. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- "Kuv xav tias kuv txaus siab rau kuv tus kws qhia yoga," Lacy qhia nws.
- Mary nug, "Puas yog nws laus dhau rau koj?"
- "Ah, hnub nyoog tsuas yog tus lej," Lacy teb
